tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48564202199545368352024-03-04T20:02:11.146-08:00Lobodon!Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-45628283463643781472020-10-21T10:35:00.002-07:002020-10-21T10:35:47.621-07:00Announcing SCIENCE REAL TRUTH EXPRESS<p>So I've made a website. the idea is to take questions from the public, and give them informed answers by the experts in a casual, quick way. Most people don't want to spend hours reading scientific literature. Instead they can go to <b><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/sciencerealtruthexpress/home">SCIENCE REAL TRUTH EXPRESS</a></b> to get quick tidbits on random curiosities they might have. The idea is to answer one question a day during the week with short written blurbs with pictures, and publish a short interview on the weekends. So far we have three blurbs written by myself, perhaps in the future there will be guest contributors. Check out the three blurbs!</p><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.hdcvxzueqoq6" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/sciencerealtruthexpress/blurbs/who-are-these-el-nino-and-la-nina-people-anyway">Who are these El Ni<span class=" FdCeP" style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ñ</span>o and La Ni<span class=" FdCeP" style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ñ</span>a people anyway</a></h2><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.hdcvxzueqoq6" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PPgL9y5FlImjNRyrVvg3SGON18YF76NZV0IN_iam5tRYtrgS6xGXpfeYET9ZBsDrZfEsMRODy989FhQf0jup78-MvSawH5CcITXgNmpHXywdueS4to=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PPgL9y5FlImjNRyrVvg3SGON18YF76NZV0IN_iam5tRYtrgS6xGXpfeYET9ZBsDrZfEsMRODy989FhQf0jup78-MvSawH5CcITXgNmpHXywdueS4to=s320" width="320" /></a></div></h2><div class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-OiUrBf purZT-AhqUyc-II5mzb pSzOP-AhqUyc-qWD73c JNdkSc"><div class="JNdkSc-SmKAyb"><div class=""><div class="oKdM2c Kzv0Me"><div class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-OiUrBf jXK9ad D2fZ2 OjCsFc wHaque GNzUNc" id="h.129e8418cbc82a5d_4"><div class="jXK9ad-SmKAyb"><div class="tyJCtd mGzaTb baZpAe lkHyyc"><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.sp5y1fpk08q0" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/sciencerealtruthexpress/blurbs/do-giraffes-get-neck-aches">Do giraffes get neck aches?</a></h2><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.sp5y1fpk08q0" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/kiDfD96vwq5Mo9xy0fG3owqwRZRfVDUm6YGXgBN_v5ciRaOeZL1jS76kQp35ANh-wrJsbrEF-C6q_tWY-w3-xV8afG5s31NWjLnJPG1iRu7h5HXbvw=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="1280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/kiDfD96vwq5Mo9xy0fG3owqwRZRfVDUm6YGXgBN_v5ciRaOeZL1jS76kQp35ANh-wrJsbrEF-C6q_tWY-w3-xV8afG5s31NWjLnJPG1iRu7h5HXbvw=s320" width="320" /></a></div></h2><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.ati3nwbf69fj" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/sciencerealtruthexpress/blurbs/mountain-lions">Mountain Lions</a></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOBbrtpoDm3V-wzk5yHwu7e45LD5vq1Cot6PaID4hs9xrQ15OGFBV3QGZRu9AcqEXThQ1U89sYzILS6s1xLR1rR3uZs9-Y5PU211Px_LHfl9aN3e93zKfZgDYm9_z8MqbROHHQH2UKjpUS/s1280/luCRUcUsPUMWchgnzeCZVaNmZMLJ1wrCfnXvrnCnLesqnWIfniMldMxjOLmRnD7cGGo4oNqLJTlf181PZSuuKa0caz-FX3WrPwsgRFW2lfqrKwdEFSE%253Dw1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOBbrtpoDm3V-wzk5yHwu7e45LD5vq1Cot6PaID4hs9xrQ15OGFBV3QGZRu9AcqEXThQ1U89sYzILS6s1xLR1rR3uZs9-Y5PU211Px_LHfl9aN3e93zKfZgDYm9_z8MqbROHHQH2UKjpUS/s320/luCRUcUsPUMWchgnzeCZVaNmZMLJ1wrCfnXvrnCnLesqnWIfniMldMxjOLmRnD7cGGo4oNqLJTlf181PZSuuKa0caz-FX3WrPwsgRFW2lfqrKwdEFSE%253Dw1280.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.ati3nwbf69fj" style="text-align: left;">Stay tuned for the first interview and check out the <a href="https://sites.google.com/view/sciencerealtruthexpress/home">site</a>! <br /></div><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.sp5y1fpk08q0" style="text-align: center;"> </h2></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><h2 class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" id="h.hdcvxzueqoq6" style="text-align: center;"> </h2>Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-16325444197139025892019-12-04T14:41:00.001-08:002019-12-18T09:50:09.571-08:00Taking Action in the Salton Sea<span style="font-size: small;">With AGU coming up, I was invited to give a little talk at the Untold Stories of Science Policy session on Wednesday
Dec. 11, 11:33-11:40 AM. It's a mix of the personal and professional. Here's what I plan to say:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk2Ezx38YNuEWnpvyMOZs45TNqPXBeKDXsYlZlNtcmS5RXCGdK0r1MUfB9-Sm6DefDXqLYp4RYWy8p_BTERncxuJxzK_8DkOlAUeQ9gSfdzfmVxvE9totqWvJyZHf7xxMV0zzKlTfVdjYh/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="962" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk2Ezx38YNuEWnpvyMOZs45TNqPXBeKDXsYlZlNtcmS5RXCGdK0r1MUfB9-Sm6DefDXqLYp4RYWy8p_BTERncxuJxzK_8DkOlAUeQ9gSfdzfmVxvE9totqWvJyZHf7xxMV0zzKlTfVdjYh/s640/1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I grew
up in coastal California, which really isn’t that bad, air and water quality is
decent for a major metropolitan area, despite the occasional sewage spill here
and there you could surf and spend time in the water, head up to the mountains
or desert a short drive away, no big deal. I’d go to national forests and
parks, places that are protected wilderness. My dad would take me out to
abandoned places, like old ghost towns. For me this was like an imaginary
escape, taking me back in time. It wouldn’t be until much later that I realized
many of these towns suffered from serious environmental problems, like acid
mine drainage, damaged ecosystems, and public health issues. Ignorance is
bliss, right?</div>
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In high school I remember reading
articles about places that were environmental disasters, piqued my interest.
Places like Centralia, PA or Chernobyl. One of these was the Salton Sea. I
pictured it as place of urban decay, environmental degradation, and paradoxically,
beauty, much like these other abandoned landscapes. I’d seen some of the famous
photography done out there that painted the Salton Sea as a fallen
postmodernist paradise. Little did I know about what was lying beneath that
thin veneer of romanticism. </div>
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As I progressed in my education, I
became more aware and knowledgeable of the both regional and global
environmental problems. Of course, climate change, which, like many people in
the audience I’m sure, I was frustrated that elected officials didn’t take (and
still don’t) take seriously. The more local issues, like drought and air
pollution, that affected California. I didn’t incorporate these into my
research. I’m not the political type, I don’t want to endlessly argue in online
forums, like Facebook, and just refused to directly engage in that nasty discourse.
Then Trump happened, and I changed my tune.</div>
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My PhD dissertation was about human
activities on ecosystems, but not directly applied to something like a policy
outcome. Near the end of my time as a graduate student I decided I should
really do a better job of reaching out to a public audience. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I saw in my email inbox a new “Science 2
Policy” certificate course at UCR, that promised to help with science
communication and reaching policymakers. I learned later that this is a first
of its kind program to directly engage grad students with the government, of
which the instructors have pointed all kinds of student led efforts to the
right people in the legislative and executive branches at the state and
national levels. Mostly boiling your science down to KISS (Keep It Simple,
Stupid) and cut out all that jargon to get at what’s really important.</div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<![endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTtYlxrJv6Fh3NjFPj1CwrDPO5eVNpVVbVXjVxZT9ShKYmRLnyUvtxvzO50JASGwWRK98hbbtcOQm3KMZ9mexhqWCq-5OEceTgPP62lZ5WVEcopICuOmH9sNFHy7OV0TSihNOdhaShU8yP/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="988" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTtYlxrJv6Fh3NjFPj1CwrDPO5eVNpVVbVXjVxZT9ShKYmRLnyUvtxvzO50JASGwWRK98hbbtcOQm3KMZ9mexhqWCq-5OEceTgPP62lZ5WVEcopICuOmH9sNFHy7OV0TSihNOdhaShU8yP/s640/2.png" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of the Salton Sea</td></tr>
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I didn’t see an easy application of
my PhD work, so I opted for a side project that my Advisor Marilyn Fogel had
taken up: the Salton Sea. It was through this that I learned about some issues
I hadn’t been aware of: the lost fight over water rights resulting in an
increase to the exposed shoreline sediments causing a massive public health
crisis due to air pollution, affecting fish and wildlife on top of significant
pollution from agricultural and sewage runoff. The deeply impoverished region
of southeastern CA, the poorest in the wealthiest state in the union, with a
large population of undocumented people that work the fields of the Imperial
Valley (worth over $2 billion). One of my professors in anthropology described
parts of America as “the 3<sup>rd</sup> world in the 1<sup>st</sup> world”. The
Salton Sea is one of them. And importantly, I learned of the public’s distrust
of state’s promises to fix the crisis, which remain unfulfilled. With my
advisor Marilyn, the S2P instructors Susan Hackwood and Doug Brown, and the S2P
president William Ota on board this led to a few efforts at UCR.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd_QJ0abOcBfEcU0LB0KpdDvzvd124y53kzzl6L1_6WH4DHQK9vUVUzzkLwUsFntMUAQHLRk7E_wQQAK49RuOk9tNw_v_z6w-qyUyjUmtXLfYWKGk4khmKtYKUMB-VLcUaYn1-N5z43omL/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="942" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd_QJ0abOcBfEcU0LB0KpdDvzvd124y53kzzl6L1_6WH4DHQK9vUVUzzkLwUsFntMUAQHLRk7E_wQQAK49RuOk9tNw_v_z6w-qyUyjUmtXLfYWKGk4khmKtYKUMB-VLcUaYn1-N5z43omL/s640/3.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shots from the Hackathon</td></tr>
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First – the Hackathon and the collaboration
between the EDGE Institute and the S2P program at UCR– This is an effort to
group grad students in a room over two days to address policy questions. On the
Salton Sea, we were asked by the SSA about the feasibility of a biogas facility
for energy and revenue generation. Short story, probably not worth the effort.
We also found major issues with the state’s 10 year SSMP, which is already 4
years behind schedule in terms of implementation. We plan to embed a student in
the SSA’s office to offer science-based inputs. We’re also developing the
document further into a pamphlet to distribute to policymakers and their staff,
while forming a collaboration with other scientists around the campus to write
a policy memo on the scientific status of the Salton Sea.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlN0J6OBSSOWFU0s-pKhavFkeX8VX5vnFgbnDgz5bcwnLvwcu9Jl6rV8OfPSSR5ZthvUJ7tzgQdFbIJkHkiiGlpkHSI7JbVoVrrsFYmNpuEsP3TeZzG98ns1NDc6FWNFxzmW1IKhyphenhyphen_6CB/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="724" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlN0J6OBSSOWFU0s-pKhavFkeX8VX5vnFgbnDgz5bcwnLvwcu9Jl6rV8OfPSSR5ZthvUJ7tzgQdFbIJkHkiiGlpkHSI7JbVoVrrsFYmNpuEsP3TeZzG98ns1NDc6FWNFxzmW1IKhyphenhyphen_6CB/s640/Picture1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of a real hearing in the CA senate</td></tr>
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Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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Second – The Mock Hearing – Very
few people in science (especially students), as it turns out, have little
indication about what goes on before assembly members and senators actually
send a proposed law to a vote. Working with the theater dept. on campus, we
filmed a scripted mock hearing adapted from transcripts to show the formal (and
sometimes informal) aspects when hearing concerns of the public, lobbyists and
lawmakers, from the wrangling and grandstanding that goes on. Laws aren’t
decided in peer review as we know it.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3YNW3vtPqZsgFNcbIkWveVQEv7oBqnrNmQnMGAv8dMf139fziTU59KiXZHjeFPD6b8Te2lGIB4kJnNNl2JVMFUURCuaHd9meB5zgrx-bb4N_0Aornxx1mxzn92KjGzIJmbf4dl4XK0tPR/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="1079" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3YNW3vtPqZsgFNcbIkWveVQEv7oBqnrNmQnMGAv8dMf139fziTU59KiXZHjeFPD6b8Te2lGIB4kJnNNl2JVMFUURCuaHd9meB5zgrx-bb4N_0Aornxx1mxzn92KjGzIJmbf4dl4XK0tPR/s640/4.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Google street photo of the Boys & Girls Club in Mecca - Where we meet with community members</td></tr>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lastly
– Community Engagement –While assessing the environmental and problems that are
present in the Salton Sea, we need to keep in mind that those who are
ultimately most affected by these issues are those that live and work by the
sea 24/7 – A relatively poor and underrepresented population including migrants
and Native American groups. Many of the people who live here speak little English
and suffer with environmentally derived illness at much higher rates than the
general population. Working with Ann Cheney at the UCR School of Medicine we
are sharing our research with community members to hear concerns and guide our
research. It’s with the families living by the Salton Sea that gives an extra sense
of urgency to prod the state into seeking solutions to the environmental issues
in the sea. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ultimately
science-based policy in the Salton Sea needs to be part of the solution,
working alongside with local businesses and the agricultural industry to
promote public health, a clean environment and a vibrant economy. By educating
scientists on the law-making process, students and researchers will be better
able to communicate with policymakers. In 2020 we plan to publish a finalized science-based
policy memo to send to policymakers in Sacramento. The S2P certificate program
(which I participated in as a student) is planned to take on new students in
Spring 2020, while the mock hearing will be turned into an annual event. By
embedding a student in the SSA we’ll have a way to work with directly
implementing science guided approaches to Salton Sea projects. Finally, by
gaining input from the community we can guide are own research in helping the
people living nearby. From the level of students to senior professors, we scientists
can participate in shaping environmental policy rather than be bystanders
waving from the sidelines. </div>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
</span>Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-8074355052242850792019-11-06T10:54:00.001-08:002019-11-06T10:56:37.755-08:00Postdoccin'Time for an update...<br />
<br />
While the blog was left fallow a few things happened. I managed to finish my PhD, so yay. I've submitted the first chapter of my dissertation for publication, so keep an eye out. I plan to write a summary of it for the more casual reader. I'm preparing the remaining three chapters for publication as well, and that will likely close out the 5+ year project about the human impacts on southern South American marine food webs. Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
In the meantime, my advisor Marilyn Fogel has been publishing her life story over at <a href="https://isotopequeen.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">her own blog</a>, which she has updated much more consistently than me. It's a good read, I'd highly recommend it. Near the end of my graduate student career, I sat down with her, and she asked what I planned to do after finishing, and, replying honestly, I didn't know. She offered me a job on the spot: stay a little longer, work as a postdoc! so I did!<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_syjg9TrbeljVjI9WBtIh8DnoJugXdAAlHnNo_JP1e-nQFqw0GgzQQ1dbutdR_tEqj_qgfMtyOHcgvd2v_P1i_gtJKrxW-MmRfMC9JuaRrK8QQBMifp-SxUc4nl0v8fE20GcJyPzGg8pb/s1600/DSC03409.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_syjg9TrbeljVjI9WBtIh8DnoJugXdAAlHnNo_JP1e-nQFqw0GgzQQ1dbutdR_tEqj_qgfMtyOHcgvd2v_P1i_gtJKrxW-MmRfMC9JuaRrK8QQBMifp-SxUc4nl0v8fE20GcJyPzGg8pb/s640/DSC03409.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Salton Sea during field sampling a few weeks ago</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
So now I'm living the good life, getting my PhD work to a larger audience by publishing in journals, and working on some new research: the Salton Sea. The first of that research I just presented at Riverside's own <a href="https://rpa.ucr.edu/" target="_blank">Postdoctoral Association</a>. I was fortunate enough to convey the research clearly and effectively, by sticking to the core message: that the Salton Sea in nearing an ecological tipping point and is in crisis. And I won the top prize for best poster! It might not be one of those "better poster" formats with the QR code taking up half the space, but I think it presents the details in a fairly easy to read way. Feel free to <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1txCjWMxDeup3tRos1YYZ-zVfcy5_bscd" target="_blank">check it out here</a> or stop by the hallway in front of lab in the Geology building at UCR.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0Ry2U9m8zGuoBhJ0RrHIeXYavmJ07TVbS0ifOpPVfVemGbWF3ud0uWCaZrH9Zc0AWeQws9gRvrxcauSP3Choc5Y_4Sz-Y6Ez-2piAmAyLuaaMv721lzQRmxCPh42Q33KaC03giPn3V1w/s1600/DSC03531.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0Ry2U9m8zGuoBhJ0RrHIeXYavmJ07TVbS0ifOpPVfVemGbWF3ud0uWCaZrH9Zc0AWeQws9gRvrxcauSP3Choc5Y_4Sz-Y6Ez-2piAmAyLuaaMv721lzQRmxCPh42Q33KaC03giPn3V1w/s640/DSC03531.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My fellow postdoc and labmate Kaycee Morra talking about her birds at the 2019 Postdoc Symposium.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Of course, a lot of work went into this data and I'm especially thankful to Brenda Bermudez who weighed out all the samples and helped collect samples, which is not easy. Boat access to the sea is essentially cut off at this point as there's no good way to launch a boat due to the mud. Below are some illustrations of working in the Salton Sea. <br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEght8pSn_m-PEQgoKKrQxPEdC3EpKWMv4P0XsgiYoQ35VXIzZ5571_BhORaUQIIGO4XPDqClzooeTQh6SgGKGxdPH1Yn-0SKI1Aet_XkE02Phb82AWfBHl1ata6yRpQsoAK_iyrm6e0uBeB/s1600/IMG_20191024_121918582_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEght8pSn_m-PEQgoKKrQxPEdC3EpKWMv4P0XsgiYoQ35VXIzZ5571_BhORaUQIIGO4XPDqClzooeTQh6SgGKGxdPH1Yn-0SKI1Aet_XkE02Phb82AWfBHl1ata6yRpQsoAK_iyrm6e0uBeB/s640/IMG_20191024_121918582_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Making a ramp to get to the water. Future fieldwork will likely involve some sort of fishing pole. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsWnKWgD5BgovNiq39DXGKgcrC_MbfiwsH9_4MCzxqYRR9sQpHhOY4YSck7wGGk81oxWPpLuvKkvbL0p3qFMAi8w7t3boqR4jp5_0a34xfXPMzJzDvZWkM8ZQrwu3_71ti0oEIciO7Y1PI/s1600/IMG_20191024_121006238_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsWnKWgD5BgovNiq39DXGKgcrC_MbfiwsH9_4MCzxqYRR9sQpHhOY4YSck7wGGk81oxWPpLuvKkvbL0p3qFMAi8w7t3boqR4jp5_0a34xfXPMzJzDvZWkM8ZQrwu3_71ti0oEIciO7Y1PI/s320/IMG_20191024_121006238_HDR.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Getting stuck in the stinky mud</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMPFuHC5eWNwuzTy1gqf-6s9VFsxNzBDLhX3NC4zQJil4FPjRWeO-fxq7dpkkBCKyPq7MvSzd3PIC7qMET9Y4iv83uhRV90vvvJ3Uuc2E-9VcjO67laJRkIEap3xfBya74U2Imp_nKv0v-/s1600/IMG_20191024_122005291_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMPFuHC5eWNwuzTy1gqf-6s9VFsxNzBDLhX3NC4zQJil4FPjRWeO-fxq7dpkkBCKyPq7MvSzd3PIC7qMET9Y4iv83uhRV90vvvJ3Uuc2E-9VcjO67laJRkIEap3xfBya74U2Imp_nKv0v-/s320/IMG_20191024_122005291_HDR.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Barnacle feet: a new type of spa treatment</td></tr>
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<br />Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-84778985720731688792018-04-09T07:31:00.001-07:002018-04-09T07:33:58.026-07:00Reflections on the Society for Marine Mammology Conference Halifax 2017Meant to post this after the conference back in October, but hey better late than never right? <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA5W0YyCYC2B2LqaDBXNshLNQuDE9QIThu2aidgC6lTHJpFDpD5Pm6FmjqQZ_JHoGNwUQ8Kbq89cOu7BErNtvIaBKDn5V1yO07nWmhXjCbqRszOBzyFwV_bWXKH7rcLJsA70W4muwUm-xe/s1600/LRG_DSC04890.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1070" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA5W0YyCYC2B2LqaDBXNshLNQuDE9QIThu2aidgC6lTHJpFDpD5Pm6FmjqQZ_JHoGNwUQ8Kbq89cOu7BErNtvIaBKDn5V1yO07nWmhXjCbqRszOBzyFwV_bWXKH7rcLJsA70W4muwUm-xe/s640/LRG_DSC04890.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From the fort overlooking the city</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<br />
Nice and cool in Halifax and a very nice city. This is my first marine mammal conference, a needed perspective in the context of my research. Working in a chemistry laboratory in a geology department with a isotope biogeochemist as my adviser and zooarchaeologists as my collaborators I don't often get a chance to speak with people who work directly with animals.<br />
<br />
There's been a number of great talks and I'd like to highlight some of them below:<br />
<br />
<b>The California sea lion: Isotopic indicator of changing conditions in the Gulf of California, Mexico</b> <i>presented by Julieta Sandoval-Sierra</i><br />
Julieta's analysis was very similar to my own project, modeling food webs using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes but with a very different application. Instead of comparing data over vast time periods, she showed a gradient in niche width from north to south in Baja California due to variation in oceanographic characteristics. Sea lions were eating very differently throughout this range.<br />
<br />
<b>Pre-historic insights into northern fur seals and fishing territories in the Pacific Northwest </b><i>presented by Andrew W. Trites</i><br />
Andrew told an amazing story of how science can be applied for social justice. An 1856 treaty granted fishing rights to several Native American tribes on the Washington coast, and a dispute over the boundaries of those fishing grounds was in the courts. Andrew used historical documents and isotopic analysis of archaeological materials to show that indigenous peoples were hunting a population of fur seals that existed off the continental shelf break (but no longer does today), far from shore at the time the treaty was made. After 30 years of losing in the courts, the judge was convinced by Andrew's testimony and awarded these tribes rights to fish all the way to the continental shelf break.<br />
<br />
<b>Eating seal or hungry like a wolf? Polar bear use of terrestrial resources revealed by compound-specific stable isotopes </b><i>presented by Lara Horstmann</i><br />
Lara applied isotopic analyses of amino acids to show how polar bears are beginning to rely more and more on terrestrial foods, such as elk and berries, instead of their preferred food, ringed seals. This appears to be directly related to loss of sea ice in the arctic, as polar bears will hunt these seals on the ice. One population of polar bears appears to be entirely terrestrial at this point, in direct competition with brown bear in north Alaska. She also measured cortisol in bone as an indicator of acute stress response, though didn't find much. An interesting idea though!<br />
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<i><br /></i>Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-6679895581901782922017-06-29T21:52:00.000-07:002017-06-29T21:53:18.160-07:00ASITA 2017 post-conference thoughts<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="444" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/1K6F_Crystal_Structure_Of_The_Collagen_Triple_Helix_Model_Pro-_Pro-Gly103_04.png" style="background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgb(238, 238, 238) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 75%, rgb(238, 238, 238) 75%, rgb(238, 238, 238) 100%), linear-gradient(45deg, rgb(238, 238, 238) 25%, white 25%, white 75%, rgb(238, 238, 238) 75%, rgb(238, 238, 238) 100%); background-position: 0px 0px, 10px 10px; background-size: 20px 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; user-select: none;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The triple helical structure of collagen, the stretchy material that makes up a third of our bone. Complicated, right?</td></tr>
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Just got back from the University of Waterloo where the <a href="http://www.asita2017.org/" target="_blank">2017 Advances in Stable Isotope Techniques and Applications (ASITA) workshop</a> was held, and it was eye opening. I learned a few tips, some tricks, and received a whole lot of recommendations that are going to be very useful in our lab over the next few months. This conference was much smaller, had a different crowd and focus than other conferences I've been to. While previous conferences I've attended have really been about scientific theory this conference was really about the nuts and bolts about the methods, which are ultimately essential for advancing theory like you might see at some of the larger gatherings. Of the hundred plus people in attendance, most were lab managers, technicians, people running commercial labs, professors setting up their own labs and seeking expertise in their own institutions, and company sponsors, the manufacturers of instruments used to conduct stable isotope analyses (at times the conference was more like a trade show, with companies advertising the latest and greatest technology).<br />
<br />
ASITA, as I learned in the opening presentation, was only formed in the early 90s with the advent of a now ubiquitous setup in many laboratories around the world: the continuous flow <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry" target="_blank">isotope ratio mass spectrometer</a> with an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_analysis" target="_blank">elemental analyzer</a> attached. While both those instruments existed in mature forms before they were hooked up to each other, it took around fifty years for people to use them in direct combination. By doing this one could increase the amount of samples to analyze in a single day from maybe ten to over one hundred; a truly revolutionary accomplishment that appeared in just a few years. As people got wind of such a development, ASITA was created to inform the community of stable isotope researchers on how to implement the technology in their own labs. Since then conference has continued to serve the purpose of informing the community of new technological leaps and developments, including new methodologies, incremental progress, and new instruments (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" target="_blank">laser based mass spectroscopy</a>).<br />
<br />
Though I was not the only graduate student in attendance we were certainly in the minority. However, it was certainly beneficial to see a different more technical side of the field. Below I'll just summarize some of the things I took notes on or otherwise found interesting:<br />
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<ul>
<li>Use quarter inch tubing instead of eighth inch on pure oxygen cylinders, lest you experience an explosion due to adiabatic pressure effect leading to flash combustion of micro-fragments in the tube. </li>
<li>Though not necessarily useful for my own benefit, many people there were in attendance for a workshop on<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_information_management_system" target="_blank"> LIMS, a laboratory information management system</a>. This seems almost necessary for the large commercial labs and government agencies which are handling thousands of samples and clients everyday.</li>
<li>There is a much larger market for stable isotope analysis outside of academia than I realized. Several of the presentations discussed developments in techniques for identifying performance enhancing drugs in athletes, others in adulteration of foods and in environmental remediation efforts, not to mention forensics. </li>
<li>We now have the ability to analyze many of the lighter isotopes using the same instruments in a short amount of time; its possible to analyze a sample nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen in ten minutes. </li>
<li>Ramping the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography#Column_temperature_and_temperature_program" target="_blank"> temperature in a GC column</a> allows you to essentially erase the "memory" effects of carbon and sulfur, with sulfur being a particular nasty element that often sticks around long enough to influence the next sample that immediately follows.</li>
<li>Hydrogen samples can be especially tricky. On many molecules (especially of interest to me, collagen from bones) there exists exchangeable and non-exchangeable hydrogen. We're interested in the non-exchangeable H as that was set in place during an animal's lifetime. After the molecule is exposed after death, the exchangeable H will freely equilibrate with whatever is around it. Therefore, every lab must treat the sample with a carefully controlled atmosphere of known composition so it can be corrected to an international standard. </li>
<li>Collagen must also be dealt with fast before analyzing for hydrogen, as the molecule happily absorbs water. Make sure to completely desiccate it before analysis.</li>
<li>If you're interested in only carbon analysis, check out <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_ring-down_spectroscopy" target="_blank">cavity ring down spectroscopy</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" target="_blank">CSIA (compound specific isotope analysis) via GC-C-IRMS</a> is particularly sensitive to what standard you use (all samples you intend to run must be compared to a substance of known composition so the numbers you receive are comparable between labs) and should be as close to your sample in composition as possible. So if measuring hair, use a hair standard and not some random organic thing, and especially not your reference gas. </li>
<li>Splitless injectors for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" target="_blank">GCMS</a> work seems to be more problematic than the more tradtional split injector. </li>
</ul>
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If many of these things seem confusing to you, do not worry! I plan to do a series on mass spectroscopy with pictures from our lab this summer. Stay tuned!</div>
Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-40605542771891162092017-03-23T11:19:00.003-07:002017-03-23T11:20:27.806-07:00Taphonomy and organic matter in bone<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y2Z6HHQfYo0/WNFtm3iA32I/AAAAAAAAC6E/8yDHZagIU7gmtMj0sAAL_31_wIPjNGfugCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170310_123419735_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y2Z6HHQfYo0/WNFtm3iA32I/AAAAAAAAC6E/8yDHZagIU7gmtMj0sAAL_31_wIPjNGfugCPcB/s640/IMG_20170310_123419735_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The bone bed found on a beach at Bahia Thetis</td></tr>
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All that history in my last post leads to the reason for this travel in the first place: the collection of historic samples. Up until this current trip, I've looked at samples of fur seals and sea lions form archaeological sites. The majority of these are from the earliest known site with animal remains, Tunel, named after the Estancia Tunel not far from Ushuaia. I also have some samples that were collected in other sites along the Beagle Channel, Peninsula Mitre, and Isla de los Estados that extend my data set both geographically and temporally to the end of the marine hunting and gathering lifestyle employed by the indigenous people of Tierra del Fuego. With this new collection, I'll be able to see if the massive changes that happened culturally with the arrival of industrial marine exploitation also had an impact ecologically. Significant changes have been observed in ecosystems around the world, including in California with the near elimination of sea otters. The extent of ecological impacts of industrial exploitation in comparison to subsistence exploitation of marine animals in Tierra del Fuego remains a mystery...until I run these samples in a few weeks!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9PzJvArFvzMuuFcUZhHOKUgtfmeS9Zq0lgGCKBLuRFIYOOLKjK8l8oVuHZCr6gH70oxwH54OiBZfoCQ5PyRphpnzVDeGG4SjpytMj2LmmAi25_HzwGJUnTMLPh-428CWPl1C_bvks3cWY/s1600/IMG_20160219_160158039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9PzJvArFvzMuuFcUZhHOKUgtfmeS9Zq0lgGCKBLuRFIYOOLKjK8l8oVuHZCr6gH70oxwH54OiBZfoCQ5PyRphpnzVDeGG4SjpytMj2LmmAi25_HzwGJUnTMLPh-428CWPl1C_bvks3cWY/s320/IMG_20160219_160158039.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sea lion and whale bone in an archaeological site</td></tr>
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But the understanding of the process of what happens to a body after death (the field of taphonomy) is a pretty important for interpreting stable isotopic results from my bone samples. Much of this field was pioneered by Behrensmeyer in multidecadal studies in Kenya with observations of the breakdown of bodies, separation into different parts, and ultimately into individual bones that break apart themselves. There are many different things that influence this process, including biological: scavengers, which can rip apart the body, limbs and chew on bones; microbes, which can feast on soft tissues, fat and oils of the body and the bones, and produce byproducts such as acids that chew away at bone mineral. Physical processes can include transport, for example, a bone traveling down a stream, bumping and grinding against rocks; damage from sunlight, which bleaches the surface and wears down the mineral, leading to cracking and flaking in the bone surface; and chemical weathering, the dissolution of bone mineral from acids.<br />
<br />
One of the reasons I've been able to analyze samples from here is because the climate and conditions here in Tierra del Fuego generally buffer or slow down these taphonomic processes. Bones from the even the earliest sites have nearly the amount of organic matter in them that you would find in modern samples. This is because they've been buried almost immediately after being processed by humans. As a sub-antarctic climate, its generally very cold here, like throwing your steak into a refrigerator, it'll last longer than sitting out in the open on the Kenyan savannah, In addition, they've been buried in piles of shells. These shells are largely calcium carbonate, which counteracts acids that could be introduced by rain, trees, and soil bacteria.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1iv4-4mdrM4/WNFtm39CaSI/AAAAAAAAC6E/bQFmwWKe6PEZNjvAM63OHvF3SagTlv7HwCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170314_182358702_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1iv4-4mdrM4/WNFtm39CaSI/AAAAAAAAC6E/bQFmwWKe6PEZNjvAM63OHvF3SagTlv7HwCPcB/s400/IMG_20170314_182358702_HDR.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bones from partially articulated sea lions </td></tr>
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In contrast, some of the bones I have were buried in sand, allowing more of these chemical processes to reduce the organic matter in my bones, noticeably reducing the amount of organic matter. The samples we recovered from the seal greasery at Bahia Thetis are in an even worse state. After the carcasses were thrown into the bay, biological agents surely ate away at the soft tissue, leaving behind bones. Tidal action moved the bones/carcasses along the floor of the bay, before they were washed up onto the beaches during extreme storm events. Despite these destructive forces, a large number of identifiable bones can be found up on the beaches. However, bones on the surface tend not to last very long at all, and almost all the bones we found were in an advanced state of deterioration despite being only 70 years old. It may end up being difficult to extract the organic matter from these, but we have a large volume to extract from, so even if a small fraction is there, we'll get it.<br />
<br />
We did find a fully articulated skeleton buried in the beach, with just a piece of its skull sticking out on the surface. The buried bones were in a much better state that the buried elements. I imagine this carcass was buried before it could be disarticulated by external forces. It stands to reason that there are probably many more articulated skeletons and bones either buried in the beaches or still in the bay where they were originally deposited. Likewise, there are surely many seals and sea lions buried in shell middens which have yet to be excavated, of which there are thousands known in Tierra del Fuego.Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-24365091892574012202017-03-21T12:36:00.000-07:002017-03-21T12:41:53.225-07:00Return from Bahia Thetis<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1U_ref5WpQA/WM8TutxUKfI/AAAAAAAACwI/AoGbppZAejEhbZDD8fiPNlqt1EDjOyQwQCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170316_173821314.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1U_ref5WpQA/WM8TutxUKfI/AAAAAAAACwI/AoGbppZAejEhbZDD8fiPNlqt1EDjOyQwQCPcB/s640/IMG_20170316_173821314.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anchor from a shipwreck in Peninsula Mitre</td></tr>
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After twelve days and much work, I've had a few days to rest and reflect on our mission to collect and sample sea lion, fur seals, kelp, water, birds, fish and shellfish from Bahia Thetis, one of the most remote parts of the island of Tierra del Fuego. And it was a absolute success: In total, we collected 101 left sea lion and fur seal jaws (the majority being adult female sea lions), around ~50 femurs, and 10 skin and fur samples from the 1940s factory site. In addition, we made three 50x50cm excavations of shell middens, containing numerous more bones, stone and glass artifacts and tools including the first harpoon point ever found in the peninsula.<br />
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I learned a lot about this part of the world, and Peninsula Mitre in particular, which I think is important for understanding the context of the work I'm doing here. Peninsula Mitre is different in a number of ways from the land surrounding the Beagle Channel. The Beagle Channel is characterized by steep mountains and sharp glacial features, drumlins, canyons and overall rocky with forest. The peninsula, and much of the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego, has softer rolling hills, less forest, dominated by peat bogs, and shallow coastline with a slowly descending continental slope that extends for hundreds of kilometers. This shallow coastline proved treacherous for navigating, resulting in many shipwrecks, many of which were scavenged to build ranch buildings.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EKp3xaHQDQU/WM8TupRaA9I/AAAAAAAACwI/EuFznLwdiQw396oETRuZmfULWUO5I85ZwCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170316_173830988.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EKp3xaHQDQU/WM8TupRaA9I/AAAAAAAACwI/EuFznLwdiQw396oETRuZmfULWUO5I85ZwCPcB/s640/IMG_20170316_173830988.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A more recent shipwreck from the 1980s</td></tr>
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Geographic differences also played out ethnographically between indigenous groups. The Yamana occupied the Beagle Channel and southern archipelago, the Selk'nam in the interior and northern parts of Tierra del Fuego, the Alakuf on the western archipelago in Chile and the Haush in Peninsula Mitre. It is important to note that boundaries were not absolute for these groups, language and culture mixed and created gradients. The Haush and Selk'nam commonly incorporated more terrestrial animals into their diets, especially Guanaco, but they also hunted sea lions and seals like the more marine oriented Yamana.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JHDy5msWBzo/WNF-K2wd6XI/AAAAAAAAC74/LEIfBC825GY0jsIwPDu38C0xycstPrlwACPcB/s1600/IMG_20170315_163113471.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JHDy5msWBzo/WNF-K2wd6XI/AAAAAAAAC74/LEIfBC825GY0jsIwPDu38C0xycstPrlwACPcB/s640/IMG_20170315_163113471.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bahia Policarpo, site of the Policarpo family sheep ranching operation</td></tr>
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When European settlers arrived, such as the Anglican missionary Thomas Bridges, they first set up in the Beagle Channel. However, it didn't take long for others to settle in other parts of Tierra del Fuego. Estancia Policarpo was established in the late 1800s by a Chilean family southeastern Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego, extending from the easternmost part of the Island at Cabo San Diego to its northern border with Estancia Maria Luisa some 50 km away. Like the ranch at Harberton, Estancia Policarpo exploited sheep for their wool. Estancia Policarpo operated until the mid 20th century, succumbing to falling wool prices from technological innovations in synthetic fabrics and wool that was cheaper to produce elsewhere. A caretaker maintained the what was left of the ranch until the 1980s, but most of the ranch buildings fell into disrepair throughout the late 20th century. Today the estancia is operated as a cattle ranch.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6FRjM1ry0bg/WNAvU78ZQdI/AAAAAAAAC2g/hduhvAY8dj0DY3Wit76FTodqNO9XdIjngCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170311_104417273_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left:10px;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6FRjM1ry0bg/WNAvU78ZQdI/AAAAAAAAC2g/hduhvAY8dj0DY3Wit76FTodqNO9XdIjngCPcB/s400/IMG_20170311_104417273_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blubber boiling vats</td></tr>
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One way to subsidize the cost of the operation of the failing ranch was the exploitation of pinnipeds. In the 1940s, over one hundred Chileans, experienced in seal in sea lion hunting more common on the western coast of South America, set up a seal oil production facility in Bahia Thetis. The company would raid the multiple sea lion colonies that existed along the shores of Estancia Policarpo, killing over 30,000 seals and sea lions over a decade. The pinnipeds would be killed at the site of their colonies, loaded onto boats and taken to Bahia Thetis, were they were skinned, stripped of blubber and thrown into the bay. The blubber was then boiled in large vats, producing oil, much in the same way as whale blubber. In 1952, sealing was banned and the operation abandoned, leaving behind ruins of both the seal greasery and the ranch.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HqVHKBquy68/WNAvU-BQb9I/AAAAAAAAC2g/Z17WAIZpWmgozTMiTpJz3LMY_1SiPgnWACPcB/s1600/IMG_20170313_122304678.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HqVHKBquy68/WNAvU-BQb9I/AAAAAAAAC2g/Z17WAIZpWmgozTMiTpJz3LMY_1SiPgnWACPcB/s640/IMG_20170313_122304678.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bahia Thetis, site of the 1940s seal greasery facilities</td></tr>
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That's I've got for today, stay tuned for more!<br />
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-62453658123107044772017-03-04T08:16:00.000-08:002017-03-04T08:18:05.119-08:00Estancia Harberton<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BwwhKyUd-Zo/WLrc9DdGzNI/AAAAAAAACsw/FIFqX2ckJTYqquSNtY6iBbhVocuiPrT7wCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170303_105922381.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BwwhKyUd-Zo/WLrc9DdGzNI/AAAAAAAACsw/FIFqX2ckJTYqquSNtY6iBbhVocuiPrT7wCPcB/s640/IMG_20170303_105922381.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Estancia Harberton, home of missionary Thomas Bridges and family in 1886. Imported brick by brick from England to Tierra del Fuego. Located east of Ushuaia by 50 km or so.</td></tr>
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Yesterday I joined the archaeologist crew to collect some of my own samples and help carry bags of rocks. They were very heavy and my arms are quite tired still. But it was quite a productive day trip! We managed to carry 145 rocks over several kilometers, which will eventually help my fellow graduate student Carmen determine the source of lithic tools that were used by the Yamana. For my own sampling, I took some samples of kelp and some water samples, one of each from a bay exposed to a river mouth and one from the bay facing the Estancia Harberton (pictured above) which does not have a direct freshwater input. I doubt there will be significant differences between the two areas but good to measure extra just in case. The waters of the Beagle Channel are known to be exceptionally fresh compared to ocean waters from other parts of the world, due to the high amount of precipitation and freshwater inputs (from snowmelt and glaciers), but I will find this out and verify this claim personally!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vBQtpfvdtLY/WLrc9LttjTI/AAAAAAAACsw/_KS6x1eS8_Y36d3AmpHpQhhz0MosGMtIQCPcB/s1600/IMG_20170303_130750756.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vBQtpfvdtLY/WLrc9LttjTI/AAAAAAAACsw/_KS6x1eS8_Y36d3AmpHpQhhz0MosGMtIQCPcB/s640/IMG_20170303_130750756.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Loading a large bag of rocks to be carried back to the truck.</td></tr>
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The purpose of sampling water here is two fold. First I'm interested in differences in the waters of the Beagle Channel and the southern Atlantic/Argentine Sea, specifically to see what differences in water chemistry there might be, especially when it comes to nutrients and trace elements. Different nutrient loads can have an impact on the productivity of food webs, which would in turn have effects on species high in the food chain, like top predators such as fur seals, sea lions, and cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Trace elemental analysis can help me not only differentiate bodies of water, but serve as an independent method that would potentially verify where my fur seals and sea lions spend their time. Trace elements are incorporated into your tissues just like stable isotopes are and can (hopefully) be used a tracer.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnZd7BUk7WCkzNk-8leKIZOBzPiTYGWLEoS9XvTxccBZz3wRAtGNk53m3CtrAhuP1f1c2exsR0PXG6DAqsZ1lJOQe40mjI71hFGKf7kzqG9079GiqvLHmOZNTbzCH_FUsDntHwLACN7Wc/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnZd7BUk7WCkzNk-8leKIZOBzPiTYGWLEoS9XvTxccBZz3wRAtGNk53m3CtrAhuP1f1c2exsR0PXG6DAqsZ1lJOQe40mjI71hFGKf7kzqG9079GiqvLHmOZNTbzCH_FUsDntHwLACN7Wc/s640/Picture1.png" width="602" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A figure showing the interaction of different bodies of water in South America (from <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">Acha</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">, E.
M., </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">et </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">al. Marine</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">fronts
at the continental shelves of austral South America: Physical and ecological
processes. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-style: italic; text-align: left;">J.
Mar. Syst.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">44,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">
83–105 (2004).</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-align: left;">) </span></span></td></tr>
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The measurement of kelp will serve a similar purpose. Giant kelp, <i>Macrocystis pyrifera,</i> grows around the world, from the coasts of Alaska, New Zealand, Japan, all the way down to Tierra del Fuego, It's a very successful species, one of the fasting growing on the planet (a meter a day in the right conditions) and forms the basis of many highly productive food webs around the world. Constraining the variation between southern Atlantic kelp and Beagle Channel kelp will give me an understanding of what to expect when I compare the stable isotopic values between giant kelp, kelp based fish and ultimately fur seals and sea lions. Fur seals and sea lions might be moving back and forth from open ocean to kelp ecosystems or changing their degree of residency in kelp ecosystems over time so it's important to understand what the kelp ecosystem looks like versus the open ocean.<br />
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Soon I leave for the Atlantic Coast, Peninsula Mitre and Bahia Thetis, site of the abandoned sealing operation that ran from 1946 to 1952. Bahia Thetis was formerly known as the Bay of Good Success, I hope it lives up to its name!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4vVRkL4_DAo/WLrc9JNp_3I/AAAAAAAACsw/dLEglH-XD3U9-_kUHTIbXwr8jCf0SX2YACPcB/s1600/IMG_20170303_125653986_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4vVRkL4_DAo/WLrc9JNp_3I/AAAAAAAACsw/dLEglH-XD3U9-_kUHTIbXwr8jCf0SX2YACPcB/s640/IMG_20170303_125653986_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wild horses seen while sampling near Estancia Harberton</td></tr>
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<br />Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-10468801111432199792017-02-24T06:42:00.001-08:002017-02-24T06:42:38.111-08:00Ushuaia 2017<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BYT8sHXyQP4/WKo3_W5aK7I/AAAAAAAACqM/uOVJNkAvA5wKjixXo-K5WUoQ1HoOR1dEACPcB/s1600/IMG_20170219_184954983.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BYT8sHXyQP4/WKo3_W5aK7I/AAAAAAAACqM/uOVJNkAvA5wKjixXo-K5WUoQ1HoOR1dEACPcB/s640/IMG_20170219_184954983.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The recreational airport club overlooking Ushuaia Bay and downtown Ushuaia</td></tr>
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<br /> After a bit of a hiatus I return to describe what may be my last trip to Tierra del Fuego. Since I've last updated this blog, quite a bit has happened:<br />
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<li>I've measured more samples (including fish!)</li>
<li>I've passed my qualifying exam (hooray!)</li>
<li>I've moved universities from Environmental Systems at UC Merced to Earth Sciences at UC Riverside (possibly invalidating my qualifying exam)</li>
<li>and, finally, I've returned to Ushuaia for (maybe) the last time</li>
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But what opportunity awaits while I'm here! I've got some big plans. Next week I'll be traveling to Harberton Ranch to collect water and kelp samples, which eventually should help me do some forensics on where my fur seals, sea lions, fish and other members of the marine food web spent their time (open ocean or kelp forest? Beagle Channel, Atlantic, or Southern Ocean?) At the same time I'll be helping a fellow grad student who has been collecting rocks in a radial fashion around an archaeological site to identify their availability for making tools. </div>
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In about a week and a half, I'll be leaving for Peninsula Mitre, the easternmost point of the Island of Tierra del Fuego. There are no roads to this place, and my colleagues normally reach this place by helicopter. However, we'll be taking the scenic route by horse which will take 3-4 days each way. Very few scientists use horses in their fieldwork these days, so it'll be harkening back to the days of old adventuring. Some French tourists may be accompanying us for the ride, so it'll surely be an interesting experience. I'll be journaling the experience and sharing with you all when I return!</div>
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The primary objective of traveling to this place is to collect fur seal and sea lion remains from industrial seal hunting that occurred during the 20th century. So far I've previously looked at fur seal and sea lion remains produced at indigenous archaeological sites, dating from roughly 6000 years ago to the 1700s. I expect to see significant changes in the diets of these animals as human influences changed from subsistence hunting to wholesale slaughter, but I'll find out when we return with the samples to the lab. I'll also be collecting more water and kelp samples, while my archaeologist colleagues will be digging some test pits to compare cultural differences between ancient sites on the peninsula versus sites to the west in the Beagle Channel. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxe_cyQYJ6-4mf3K_XEEAILk-o9-OHlDimNuhCX0MBRGAxd4KqIuwDewhmdB-hD20q-A0kCaS78pRPbBfj9BeqatKFbvoegZtoE_MdIEvoalupsF_DoKxmNaUmYQDUdA6ifplSmoqqKIV0/s1600/peninsula+mitre-cook-1774.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxe_cyQYJ6-4mf3K_XEEAILk-o9-OHlDimNuhCX0MBRGAxd4KqIuwDewhmdB-hD20q-A0kCaS78pRPbBfj9BeqatKFbvoegZtoE_MdIEvoalupsF_DoKxmNaUmYQDUdA6ifplSmoqqKIV0/s640/peninsula+mitre-cook-1774.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An inset historic map from James Cook's expedition, one of the first European explorers to document the area. Note that north is pointing to the right on this map and, that the Beagle Channel has not yet been identified. We'll be riding to the far western edge to the Strait of Marie (Detroit de le Maire). I've analyzed some samples from the area labeled "Baye de Valentin" and "Terre des Etats" already (Valentine's Bay, or Bahia Valentin and Staaten Island, or Isla de los Estados today).</td></tr>
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Finally, I've spent a bit of time thinking about my PhD journey over the past several weeks and thought I'd share a bit about the process. I came in starting this degree with an idea for my PhD thesis fairly well formed within the first few months of starting at Merced. Those original ideas have shifted as logistics and preliminary data came into view. The questions I originally set out to ask changed and become more focused since the broader questions turned out to be more difficult to answer than expected. This realization required me to think about different types of methods to be used, the learning of new tools to help answer those questions and the number, and all the while scale and scope of the project increased. But it's this process that I think is probably the core of what a PhD is about: to come up with good questions and find a way to answer them, given limited time and resources. Of course, this sort of thing takes some planning so I made a timeline to illustrate it. Just in case you might considering a PhD, maybe you will find this helpful!<br />
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-75732148784072335352016-03-16T14:54:00.002-07:002017-02-24T10:22:22.940-08:00La Campaña: En la Casa<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZRWq_K6kfzjNWgdvE0CAtJnkinAphZqCzLS93gIo614-tf_-_stFPf9YecoIMkfjm_915g5xQvhVq4-JxTlvneb4-2WEqf5lwnSSQhI56KIN2nK81n9ueRPQ-z207MeVivYf0X4KN__qc/s1600/IMG_20160218_204813213.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZRWq_K6kfzjNWgdvE0CAtJnkinAphZqCzLS93gIo614-tf_-_stFPf9YecoIMkfjm_915g5xQvhVq4-JxTlvneb4-2WEqf5lwnSSQhI56KIN2nK81n9ueRPQ-z207MeVivYf0X4KN__qc/s640/IMG_20160218_204813213.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A late afternoon view toward the Southwest from Moat Bay. Isla Picton with Isla Navarino in the background, the opening of the Beagle Channel to the Pacific in the west (right). </td></tr>
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Buenas tardes folks,</div>
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Now that its been a few weeks and I've settled back into the routine here in Ushuaia, it seems like a good idea to describe in some detail what life was like, what I learned and how I'm moving forward as a result of this fieldwork.</div>
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You should know by now I'm interested in studying food webs and ecology using remains of hunted fur seals and sea lions from archaeological sites. While it's possible I could've just gone and asked my colleagues to just send bones to me in the US, that would've been no fun and I'd be missing out on understand how and why these bones showed up in the first place, both in the context of the culture of the peoples who hunted them and in the natural climate and taphonomic processes. Over the month I was in the field, being outside everyday, I not only learned what it was like to live as an Argentine in Tierra del Fuego, but also what weather the Yamana may faced (which was not very much like California).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6x0JVarBFCUhYJw5ioHT7jT7CuOYvKdR-2GwuzJU2CtEPIwUP6KEyyUQz6bvDRWRgaoJofWLHPZaXXR6OppU5YGoDlW0WY-455jfG6_ImBaIkKhtW-0qcRgqACGgKA5syENYdHh88LCFW/s1600/IMG_20160213_202128069.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6x0JVarBFCUhYJw5ioHT7jT7CuOYvKdR-2GwuzJU2CtEPIwUP6KEyyUQz6bvDRWRgaoJofWLHPZaXXR6OppU5YGoDlW0WY-455jfG6_ImBaIkKhtW-0qcRgqACGgKA5syENYdHh88LCFW/s640/IMG_20160213_202128069.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rain over the Beagle Channel, looking Southwest. Moat Bay extends to the left, while our ranch and nearby lake are on the right. The dirt highway, Ruta J, continues for about 20km to the east before ending.</td></tr>
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From Ushuaia, which is near the middle of the Beagle Channel, we packed up some trucks with nine people and our gear for the month; three professors, three graduate students (including me), two undergraduates working on their senior theses, and a lab assistant. After we piled in we drove 3-4 hours east of Ushuaia, past Estancia Harberton, to Moat Bay. Moat bay is located at opening of the Beagle Channel to the Atlantic Ocean, which provides a stunning view of Islands to the south in Chilean territory; Isla Nuevo, Lennox, Picton, and Navarino. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A rainbow over our ranch house, during our daily afternoon water refill routine.</td></tr>
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We arrived at a remote ranch, and luckily for us we had a guest house to stay in. Despite having a kitchen, bathroom with a flushing toilet, and generator for power, there was no running water as the pump had broke. As a result, we carried buckets of water from the nearby lake and drank water from the rain that collected in a barrel off the roof. The lake water had a bit of an algal taste, and was preferred by some of our members to the rain barrel water, which had a distinct "wooden barrel aged" taste, even though the barrel was plastic.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01_wLgwHkgJ1TqVAgnK-KsupgM8rl5ay3OSKrH8BoLk6xTJcWHzN8lBs69PI3qKgbG51nS7eEhDEJTMyXfiAgGUiiqEjj_9zuVTfMGDA29YZw1_ftuac4LS_YK8_VetjB8mcNQtn-yTDW/s1600/IMG_20160129_144123252+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01_wLgwHkgJ1TqVAgnK-KsupgM8rl5ay3OSKrH8BoLk6xTJcWHzN8lBs69PI3qKgbG51nS7eEhDEJTMyXfiAgGUiiqEjj_9zuVTfMGDA29YZw1_ftuac4LS_YK8_VetjB8mcNQtn-yTDW/s320/IMG_20160129_144123252+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our fully stocked kitchen at the beginning of the campaign.</td></tr>
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Generally, we'd wake up around 8 most mornings, after tough days or celebrations we might sleep until 9. We'd have a light breakfast of coffee and tea, bread and jam or butter, or if lucky facturas (basically donuts) that were brought by visitors or our members who had left and come back. When we ran out of bread, it was a sad day since we were left with crackers and maybe some cookies. But usually that was a short lived experience because someone would show up at the ranch with a fresh resupply of bread and pastries, and maybe even wine or beer!</div>
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Lunches were also fairly light, we'd generally eat a mix of bread, cheese, crackers, and dried sausage or salami; some fruits and vegetables, like salad, carrots and apples, followed by cookies and chocolate. Later on we needed to use our leftover pasta, so we'd cook some at our field sites. We generally also snacked on crackers and cookies while working, but careful not to drop any food in the field pits. Lunch is a later than what I'm used to, usually around 1, but sometimes later. We'd spend about an hour on break. And, of course, we wouldn't have survived without Mate, the shared Argentinian tea-like beverage which helps keep you working. We generally drank mate continuously throughout the mornings and afternoons. </div>
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When we returned back to the ranch house and were exhausted, we would go get more water from the lake, maybe take a bath or at least wash our hands and face, and make some more coffee and mate. On more difficult days we'd have fernet and coke, the favorite drink of Cordoba (a province in Argentina) and the Porteños (the residents of Buenos Aires) from which almost everyone in our group shares culturally. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkHB1_2lws58XjYSWmNPBlW-dinfyyOXbOnrRcPCHazw5Kq21KpJU5IAeuP4LSRWPtLQUNaIeFdqJwxn2hA-c8V2htX_032iaCs20W4T8gp3vm8t9rRx95etEDKfIlBeOI0UpCmjIBuOM/s1600/IMG_20160203_214223217.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkHB1_2lws58XjYSWmNPBlW-dinfyyOXbOnrRcPCHazw5Kq21KpJU5IAeuP4LSRWPtLQUNaIeFdqJwxn2hA-c8V2htX_032iaCs20W4T8gp3vm8t9rRx95etEDKfIlBeOI0UpCmjIBuOM/s400/IMG_20160203_214223217.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A fine chicken dish in a big wok!</td></tr>
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Dinner in Argentina is late. You might start cooking at 9, and start eating at 10 or later. We'd break open boxes of cheap wine (easier to transport in the field, and easily disposable containers) and have different kinds of meals. Sometimes it was a meat or fish stew (giso), sometimes pasta (with ñoquies, a potato derived noodle), pizza or the famous Asado (steak BBQ). In any case, dinner was always much appreciated and we ate well. Afterward, if we had enough energy, we'd sit to play a game of cards or dice, usually jodete or generala. After that we'd be truly exhausted and hit the sack, meaning a pile of sleeping bags laid out on the floor of the living room in front of the warm pot bellied stove. </div>
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Until next time, here's some highlights from the house area:</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS4jRi85cMZP8GCu436s_lXx4UgkWiM4MR9HC92iIoP8HnI08VNLhOJFdWYfanuskQst9rOS0s1i7XEUZ_zA7k7d61fpc2Ahc9vnlLOYZSKFLEomz6KiQj3EKeGKrFnc86hqDmF-wFWvD5/s1600/IMG_20160224_090610459.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS4jRi85cMZP8GCu436s_lXx4UgkWiM4MR9HC92iIoP8HnI08VNLhOJFdWYfanuskQst9rOS0s1i7XEUZ_zA7k7d61fpc2Ahc9vnlLOYZSKFLEomz6KiQj3EKeGKrFnc86hqDmF-wFWvD5/s320/IMG_20160224_090610459.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Starting up the truck in the morning...easier said than done</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2l83OYSSsk_k7GBJpBtUrLZxqR8SK8wdlSv9mTrakmd2hyDFCHX7nhUeidb_6uO9uyi6C4iSdVLDE2LqNcq0Y9RvYL4d4AmFkPm2LSxxxy_Ws0HqsSxLuTNPRoqxP84f5CKDg2EajmqQ2/s1600/IMG_20160222_203656895.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2l83OYSSsk_k7GBJpBtUrLZxqR8SK8wdlSv9mTrakmd2hyDFCHX7nhUeidb_6uO9uyi6C4iSdVLDE2LqNcq0Y9RvYL4d4AmFkPm2LSxxxy_Ws0HqsSxLuTNPRoqxP84f5CKDg2EajmqQ2/s320/IMG_20160222_203656895.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">And starting up the generator in the evening</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUjEBbnM-XUJMsWQKLGxOSCvnr_oaSB3krT21PtFCbOtJWb7BL3Pz1bcau7jEjvBkNMROjjeZ3grRKZOZ1kxMuYLdb-U8s10p6F5JZAg0bWVA6CHiYesaTkjOWMdupGLJM1SHJyhROdqaC/s1600/IMG_20160213_203234924.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUjEBbnM-XUJMsWQKLGxOSCvnr_oaSB3krT21PtFCbOtJWb7BL3Pz1bcau7jEjvBkNMROjjeZ3grRKZOZ1kxMuYLdb-U8s10p6F5JZAg0bWVA6CHiYesaTkjOWMdupGLJM1SHJyhROdqaC/s640/IMG_20160213_203234924.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Practicing the recorder, taking a walk during some downtime while the weather was good. You can see the ranch house in the background. </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9kVChEwlTiQIyGFPqbWhV2k-EE98DYbyesRWb4l-ubje464mRVag2QRcwRdZTt_nS7KI1bPBCWatCV646HCzBR25EXd9s40lnEIullTLARLFg9JRHzj-1yR5sV0oJQD5mghZfEMiL73Cs/s1600/IMG_20160212_203141032.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9kVChEwlTiQIyGFPqbWhV2k-EE98DYbyesRWb4l-ubje464mRVag2QRcwRdZTt_nS7KI1bPBCWatCV646HCzBR25EXd9s40lnEIullTLARLFg9JRHzj-1yR5sV0oJQD5mghZfEMiL73Cs/s640/IMG_20160212_203141032.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sorting out a knot problem on the living room floor</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIS-6fH3nP6XFRUqLo5ptIQb4Hwf8hcpquh7ihM3wfxlUAOzx758KJcfGuLIWi2gWeOkmArxyQDvlt5zD-A4HWhlfibqMyJoLaYl8_sRHoR1_fjOO53RWIWb1oL9yguwwueedAS2Wx7hQn/s1600/IMG_20160218_184110592.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIS-6fH3nP6XFRUqLo5ptIQb4Hwf8hcpquh7ihM3wfxlUAOzx758KJcfGuLIWi2gWeOkmArxyQDvlt5zD-A4HWhlfibqMyJoLaYl8_sRHoR1_fjOO53RWIWb1oL9yguwwueedAS2Wx7hQn/s640/IMG_20160218_184110592.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The hummocky road leading to the beach, facing south from the house.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMl_-MpAATOCpO_u0H2148oI7befx3tNhDwo-7nwi2Thwq5RlrjaYgM7jA3A-o-cMEDGzktss8DBOneXn7wxwHRdW_jsLa3RTR93DINdIQ95Mx9NbJcOnX2dbZ8iYlRoVLwVGeTPIH5gMk/s1600/IMG_20160219_185504642.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMl_-MpAATOCpO_u0H2148oI7befx3tNhDwo-7nwi2Thwq5RlrjaYgM7jA3A-o-cMEDGzktss8DBOneXn7wxwHRdW_jsLa3RTR93DINdIQ95Mx9NbJcOnX2dbZ8iYlRoVLwVGeTPIH5gMk/s640/IMG_20160219_185504642.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another view of that (double) rainbow to the east, showing the length of Moat Bay</td></tr>
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-48254915224430849332016-01-27T18:30:00.001-08:002016-01-27T18:30:07.783-08:00Vuelva a Ushuaia<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaO_PKnWccy-MO_jCHm9xbCiSVPn1c0DTKd4vZcN8IZZqNO20By1VrpYDFwDx1HWnnpLuPKzMdcxO4jvkJokuTujmlQP7PkIG6lH_hJ3eaCya5bc6VGRYLzCzeHUKcAeDXMasF2MHw-b0f/s1600/DSC02955.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaO_PKnWccy-MO_jCHm9xbCiSVPn1c0DTKd4vZcN8IZZqNO20By1VrpYDFwDx1HWnnpLuPKzMdcxO4jvkJokuTujmlQP7PkIG6lH_hJ3eaCya5bc6VGRYLzCzeHUKcAeDXMasF2MHw-b0f/s640/DSC02955.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ushuaia Bay upon landing</td></tr>
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Hello once again!<br />
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I figure it's a good time to start writing again since it's been several months since I last updated the blog. Quite a bit has happened in the intervening months. I've ran the South American fur seal samples I collected and they've provided some puzzling results. I measured the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope from the bits of processed seal bits (collagen if you recall from my previous posts). Stable isotopic values of various elements will show you varying characteristics of the world based on how they cycle through biogeochemical systems (and an animal's biochemistry). Carbon and nitrogen are particularly useful for measuring ecological characteristics, like finding out one's trophic level (if you are a vegan, vegetarian, or a meat eater.) <br />
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When interpreting the results of these isotopic values, there isn't much of a basis for comparison if you have nothing to compare against. In classical studies, you need to know what the values are at the base of the food chain as well as potential dietary components of your study animal. Even without this info, there are some inferences we can make. There are some noticeable differences between male and female fur seals from 6400 BP, but age did not seem to have a large effect. Most of the fur seals seem to cluster together toward a lighter carbon isotopic ratio.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1aGojSO9GTqJjvoNiRswiNjHVG67SZz-sXU4lsUemqNAaXlzvvAIpKAUw6VkRwpjI6KzVsDTbh-LehngtBY5laWM4QW_AKQqFt3HGrDjKkT-hOPi7HXyji7sT5cfmxZAWV1wWluE_LSng/s1600/graph.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1aGojSO9GTqJjvoNiRswiNjHVG67SZz-sXU4lsUemqNAaXlzvvAIpKAUw6VkRwpjI6KzVsDTbh-LehngtBY5laWM4QW_AKQqFt3HGrDjKkT-hOPi7HXyji7sT5cfmxZAWV1wWluE_LSng/s320/graph.png" width="269" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pulled from the latest version of my proposal</td></tr>
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Based on literature values of fur seal dietary components from modern collections, I can see if diet corrected values of my ancient seals fall within expected dietary boundaries of modern fur seals. Essentially, you connect the dots of the most extreme dietary values, creating a diet polygon, and should see your animal's diet corrected values fall within the polygon. From there you can create an isotopic mixing model to see which dietary components contribute the most to the animals diet. For example, I should be able to see if the seals are eating mostly squid or mostly fish.<br />
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Alas, this is not what happened when I compared modern diet to ancient animal. There has clearly been some kind of shift over time as none of my seals fell within the diet polygon. Modern dietary components are much lighter in carbon than the more recent seals. Something has changed in the carbon. One might argue "Hey wait a sec, what about the Suess effect?"<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="_Tgc">The <b>Suess effect</b> is a change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon (<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>14</sup>C) by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO<sub>2</sub>, which is depleted in <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> and contains no <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>.</span> </blockquote>
However, I had already applied a Suess affect correction based on literature values, and not including this correction would have actually made some of the individuals fall within the diet polygon. In any case, I have more work to do grappling with this issue and doing some ANOVAs.<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="_Tgc">Analysis of variance (<b>ANOVA</b>) is a collection
of statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means
and their associated procedures (such as "variation" among and between
groups), developed by statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald
Fisher. </span></blockquote>
Ok enough Wikipedia citations. My guess at the moment is that there's been a shift in the base of the food web over the years and seals are probably eating roughly the same things that were 6400 years ago. I won't be able to find out whether that's true or not until I find some way to measure the base of the food web, either by looking directly at animals near the base of the food web (preserved in the archaeological record) or by looking doing compound specific amino acid stable isotope analysis of seals over time. The idea is that certain amino acids do not change in as they move up the food web as they undergo minimal chemical reactions (aka source amino acids). I just got to try out this technique before leaving Merced, and while it's certainly time intensive I plan to do a lot more of it when I return.<br />
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Also I will be leaving for fieldwork (ie. doing Indiana Jones style excavation of sites) in two days at a place called Moat Bay for almost a month. I'll be taking lots of pictures, but I won't be able to post them until I return. Expect some lots of photos in the future!<br />
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<br />Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-12920173457125454862015-08-03T17:04:00.000-07:002015-08-03T17:04:15.259-07:00On a boat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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I've fallen behind on my posting since a lot has happened in the last week! I left Ushuaia this morning and am now vacationing in Buenos Aires, so I can relax and reflect a bit. Last week I was lucky enough to go on a boat trip to see some of my fur seal and sea lion friends in live form, which was certainly different from seeing them from the perspective of half destroyed skulls. The sea lions down south were similar in many ways to the ones you find on coastal California, but one thing that was different and immediately obvious is that they appear shorter and fatter. They vocalized quite a bit, just like the sea lions to the north, but the way they vocalized was completely different. They sounded mostly like old men yelling, unlike the barking kind of noises you hear to the north.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zB0dR7GTN64/VbaF9mEkDqI/AAAAAAAACXc/rb9BsMNXFXQ/s1600/DSC02578.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="388" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zB0dR7GTN64/VbaF9mEkDqI/AAAAAAAACXc/rb9BsMNXFXQ/s640/DSC02578.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Blue Eyed cormorant with many Sea lions (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>). </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CVpnyEGl1sI/VbaF9u5KP7I/AAAAAAAACXc/SSZpuCY60pY/s1600/DSC02588.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="334" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CVpnyEGl1sI/VbaF9u5KP7I/AAAAAAAACXc/SSZpuCY60pY/s640/DSC02588.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sea lions in the Beagle Channel. The large sea lion in the foreground is an alpha male, guarding his harem</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5cVWT-kREdA/VbaF9g_4_NI/AAAAAAAACXc/WpLTXIv0a3o/s1600/DSC02633.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="195" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5cVWT-kREdA/VbaF9g_4_NI/AAAAAAAACXc/WpLTXIv0a3o/s320/DSC02633.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Selfie shot</td></tr>
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We traveled a bit further up the channel, circling a mostly abandoned lighthouse except for a few stray cormorants. This was the spot most popular with the tourists, everyone had to get their selfie with the lighthouse (including me). Something that struck me as unique was how calm and tranquil the waters were in the Beagle Channel, surely nice for both the explorers who used the channel to avoid the rough seas of the Southern Ocean and easy fishing and sealing for the Yamana in their little canoes. Even so there are a large number of recorded shipwrecks around this area. As I learned in one of the museums, insurance fraud led to the demise of many of these.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UiETVCkDWUQ/VbaF9ptKWjI/AAAAAAAACXc/ZKuVdIAYqfk/s1600/DSC02676.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
We circled around and stopped by another island on the way back to Ushuaia harbor. This one was much quieter than the one with the sea lions, but had a number of relatively quiet Fur seals on it (<i>Arcophoca australis</i>).
There were also a good number rafting in the water, holding there fins
up out of the water. This is a common behavior in Otariids, a
thermoregulatory technique (<a href="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2755.html" target="_blank">something humans are having trouble with</a>) that allow them to either cool down or absorb heat, depending on the conditions.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_2VLkMWxfH0/VbaF9n4kXTI/AAAAAAAACXc/EKu7S_c3Lo0/s1600/DSC02671.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_2VLkMWxfH0/VbaF9n4kXTI/AAAAAAAACXc/EKu7S_c3Lo0/s640/DSC02671.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rafters on the right!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This concludes my posting for tonight I think, I'll continue typing some business later!<br />
Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-61868604160209081202015-07-23T16:34:00.000-07:002015-07-23T16:34:22.412-07:00Viviendo<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2IEOeAmHqR8/VbFcDykDh9I/AAAAAAAACRE/kHpYOFoBM3Q/s1600/DSC02519.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="229" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2IEOeAmHqR8/VbFcDykDh9I/AAAAAAAACRE/kHpYOFoBM3Q/s640/DSC02519.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A rainbow rising from the Beagle Channel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Apologies for the late post here, there hasn't been to much new information to report since the last time I updated. However, there is still plenty I can share with you!<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VWbLG4CLBTA/VaL0TPsCpjI/AAAAAAAACJg/-YtNgPRhtSc/s1600/DSC02452.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VWbLG4CLBTA/VaL0TPsCpjI/AAAAAAAACJg/-YtNgPRhtSc/s320/DSC02452.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Simple but dependable kitchen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Lately I've been living the CADIC life, which has a nice hotel like space for visitors like me and actually has shared apartments for students who study here. It's simple living, but definitely comfortable. The old gas stove heats up my food maybe a little too fast, but it works! Last weekend the power went out, but I managed well enough cooking in the dark. This time of year there aren't very many visitors so I've had the kitchen and dining room to myself. I end up spending most of my spare time in the office since the internet doesn't really make it to my room (short of holding my phone next to the window) and really only venture out into the world when I need to go shopping. I would go out more often, but by the time I'm finished working for the day the sun has long since set, and its too dark and cold to really enjoy sight seeing. At the very least the weekends give me an opportunity to explore the town a bit and to get to know people. This weekend I'm planning on taking a walk across town to check out the maritime museum, located in the old prison. I'll be sure to share more details about that later on. Today I discovered that the shower is actually capable of getting hot
and not just lukewarm, it turns out that I wasn't waiting long enough
for it to reach temperature. Knowing this will make my life much more
comfortable!<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IC0VeRRKkeY/VaL0TAsY3FI/AAAAAAAACJg/ky6qMeJLCBQ/s1600/DSC02450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IC0VeRRKkeY/VaL0TAsY3FI/AAAAAAAACJg/ky6qMeJLCBQ/s400/DSC02450.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dining room, straight out of a 70s designer catalog</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Over the time I've spent here, I've been learning a ton about the species of seals I'm studying. As it turns out, there's still quite a bit unknown about fur seals and their evolutionary relationships, which strikes me as somewhat odd given that they're common large mammals occurring in many different oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Southern.) The majority of Fur seals live in the southern hemisphere, except for one species off of California, the Guadalupe Fur seal, very nearly driven to extinction in the 19th century. Pinnipeds (all seals and sea lions) are divided into two groups: Otariids and Phocids. Fur seals are joined by Sea Lions in Otariidae, while true seals are in Phocidae. My Californian friends are probably familiar with the Otariid California Sea lion, which tends to bark very loudly and keep people up at night. You'll notice that Otariids have ears that stick out and can pose upright, supporting themselves on their front flippers. True seals, Phocids, are unable to do this and are also missing those ear flaps, signalling potentially stronger adaptations to the marine environment.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg45GV-4mJN0Q2g9dig-SHywhsCAdDjpJ3gqkRvR6pRik1SiKJ_t5OqwxzOdagGw5-Sz9Zxs4vT0rRCVZYcbW9dvCE24XQ3RNUormnyNFd0yF7aooyYkF_O1gPBQNtcKGWjMrJru_5i1lYs/s1600/3998895879_94d39ac620_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg45GV-4mJN0Q2g9dig-SHywhsCAdDjpJ3gqkRvR6pRik1SiKJ_t5OqwxzOdagGw5-Sz9Zxs4vT0rRCVZYcbW9dvCE24XQ3RNUormnyNFd0yF7aooyYkF_O1gPBQNtcKGWjMrJru_5i1lYs/s320/3998895879_94d39ac620_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A picture of <i>A. australis </i>I found on the internet</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In South America, only Otariids exist today (except for lost or wandering Antarctic or sub-Antarctic Phocids, and a small colony of southern elephant seals hanging out at the very south-eastern edge of the continent). Phocidae once had a significant presence in South America, however changing sea levels during past ice ages effectively removed the open beaches that they loved so much several million years ago, leaving behind only rocky shorelines. A-ok for Otariids, bad for Phocids. Some Otariids that took over during this time were the Fur seals, which proliferated throughout the whole southern hemisphere, diversifying into at least six different species in South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the sub-Antarctic islands. In 2011, researchers proposed re-classification of most of the fur seal species into a new genus: <i>Arctophoca</i>, (formerly <i>Arctocephalus, </i>only <i>Arctocephalus pusillus</i> kept the genus name) based on a review of genetic data.<br />
<br />
The taxonomic situation gets even more tricky for my primary target species, <i>Arctophoca </i>(<span>née <i>Arctocephalus</i>) <i>australis, </i>the South American Fur seal. In the mid 20th century, Judith E. King proposed two subspecies based on comparison of two skulls from the Galapagos and the Falkland Islands. This classification never really stuck though since the skull from the Galapagos was deemed to be a separate species completely (the Galapagos Fur seal) and for many years no subspecies were considered, despite the huge geographic range of <i>A. australis</i>, stretching from northern Chile to Uruguay. In the same review of genetic data that reclassified the genus of most Fur seals, the authors found that the South American Fur seal could have as many a four different subspecies, though more data is needed to confirm these distinctions. At the very least there are three different evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of <i>A. australis</i>, occurring in northern Chile, Tierra del Fuego, and Uruguay. Interestingly, most of our knowledge about the <i>A. australus</i> comes from the huge colony that lives by Uruguay. The seals from here have smaller body sizes than the seals to the south, potentially hinting at a phenotypic indicator of differences between ESUs (and possibly subspecies). </span><br />
<br />
<span>The uncertainty about some of these evolutionary relationships has intrigued me to the point where I'm getting serious about another type of analysis that will be helpful: Ancient DNA extraction. I plan to bring back some samples to do a test run to extract ancient mitochondrial DNA. If successful, I can use ancient DNA not only to disentangle some of these complicated relationships between the ESUs, but also find out how the population of Fur seals in Tierra del Fuego has changed over time, from 6,000 years ago to present. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GEWk4Hn0dcM/VbFcDxoqZOI/AAAAAAAACRE/1UmrITy_1Pw/s1600/DSC02525.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="314" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GEWk4Hn0dcM/VbFcDxoqZOI/AAAAAAAACRE/1UmrITy_1Pw/s640/DSC02525.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weighing time</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span>In more other science news, I'm starting to get really busy on the isotope side of things. While I'm demineralizing the last set of bones, I've begun weighing pieces of dried collagen to find out how much is actually left after all that chemical treatment. So far, it appears that I've recovered amounts consistent with previous extraction runs, which is excellent. The weighing step is easily the most time consuming and boring, but it does allow me to listen to a lot of music and podcasts. After measuring the collagen yield, I place a small amount of the collagen into very tiny tin boats, which will later be incinerated at around 900 degrees C to measure those carbon and nitrogen isotopes I'm after. I'll write more about what happens next when I'm back in Merced. </span><br />
<span><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8ymupaC-Oo/VbFcDwMm90I/AAAAAAAACRE/SwopwrGEJ0I/s1600/DSC02530.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="342" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8ymupaC-Oo/VbFcDwMm90I/AAAAAAAACRE/SwopwrGEJ0I/s640/DSC02530.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A closer look at the tin capsules</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span>In a future post I intend to talk a bit about the post-European contact history of <i>A. australis</i> and a bit about the Sea lions. which has important implications for my research! Also some Ushuaia (prison) history. Stay tuned!</span>Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-74301308081283810862015-07-16T14:26:00.001-07:002015-07-16T14:38:44.949-07:00ácidos y bases<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwEdC5LBP21QR36-e9Zbk64VZtIdHGCzMPYrikribWK9-XtYwJwFrPe0OvOvasubydm6JbGYTD8DUqb_ktKZ6k_7hnMYhhWKb9-INmmO3QThAJ2yPYZxKByvfJOVGAiXvzmznsxH_piTOn/s1600/DSC02510.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwEdC5LBP21QR36-e9Zbk64VZtIdHGCzMPYrikribWK9-XtYwJwFrPe0OvOvasubydm6JbGYTD8DUqb_ktKZ6k_7hnMYhhWKb9-INmmO3QThAJ2yPYZxKByvfJOVGAiXvzmznsxH_piTOn/s640/DSC02510.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ushuaia from the oven room window</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Today was my Argentine lab-mate Daniella's birthday (Feliz Cumple!) and so the various members of different labs and offices nearby congregated in the kitchen to exchange gifts, eat delicious cake, and pass around bottomless cups of coffee and mate. This is the third birthday that's happened since I've arrived here, and I'm beginning to think that these aren't really birthdays. People just like to have cake every few days. One of the professors joked that I must be thinking along these lines, apparently there's just a high concentration of birthdays this time of year. He continued to say their new hiring criteria here is that your birthday isn't in July, presumable to prevent endless cake eating. In any case it can be nice to have a break every once in awhile from working in the lab and reading papers.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-czxSq4cYoj8/VaL0TH9DGFI/AAAAAAAACJg/1GhOCDMPdns/s1600/DSC02407.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-czxSq4cYoj8/VaL0TH9DGFI/AAAAAAAACJg/1GhOCDMPdns/s320/DSC02407.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A bone sample in acid solution</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Over the last week and a half I've been checking the samples everyday. To measure trustworthy dietary information from bones, there are a few steps that need to take place. Like I mentioned previously, I'm interested in the bone collagen since collagen exclusively records diet. In order to get at that collagen we need to first dissolve the bone mineral around it (bioapatite for short), in a process known as demineralization or acidification. For smaller pieces of bone, like the ones I'm demineralizing, you use a fairly weak concentration of acid, just 0.5 molar (M) Hydrochloric acid (HCl). (For comparison, the concentration of HCl in your stomach is around 0.1 M.) This slowly dissolves the bioapatite so you can prevent it from dissolving the collagen, too. After 24 hours the HCl has completely reacted with bioapatite, releasing carbon dioxide gas, so a new acid solution must be applied until nothing but collagen is left. (Don't screw the caps on completely, that gas will eventually escape catastrophically, blowing those caps off in the middle of the night). Others will use a weaker concentration of HCl, 0.2 M, though this will take longer. I could dissolve the bones in a few minutes with the raw 12 M HCl, but it would likely take the collagen along with it. It took two days with the 0.5 M HCl for my bone samples to be reduced to collagen, which retains the shape of the original hard bone, but is now soft, spongy and rubbery.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1hGiW6woUnRdhM9Nb0ie2AhV7aT-yg8FXtX55eVQIy4NdVULkya8fgsXTc4yV-6lpqU-lSGMtAcV3bIF_7-h4ySlPbg21HKkbq8D_5cHNHu2TkrLDbkEzUb5VnKO89BY_k281rF4vM4nH/s1600/IMAG0570.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1hGiW6woUnRdhM9Nb0ie2AhV7aT-yg8FXtX55eVQIy4NdVULkya8fgsXTc4yV-6lpqU-lSGMtAcV3bIF_7-h4ySlPbg21HKkbq8D_5cHNHu2TkrLDbkEzUb5VnKO89BY_k281rF4vM4nH/s320/IMAG0570.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Humic material extracted from old seal collagen</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Most people tend to wash their hands if they put them in the dirt after a few minutes. What do you do if they've been sitting in dirt for several thousand years? As the
soil scientists at UC Merced can attest to, soils are home to quite
possibly the most <a href="http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/factsheets/SoilMicrobes.html" target="_blank">complex and unknown ecosystems</a> on Earth, hosting vastly diverse organisms and an incredible number of species. These microbial communities often vary considerably from place to place, seasonally, and even diurnally (thoughout the day). The most significant byproduct of soil microbes, or the byproducts that can create untrustworthy stable isotope values in any case, are humic acids, a general term that characterizes the extremely complex (and acidic) organic compounds that are excreted by these microbes. Apply a weak base for several days though and you rectify several thousand years of microbial waste. After some rinsing of the remaining collagen with water and application of 0.1 M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for several days, your collagen bits are as good as new! Each individual bone varies in how dirty it is, so those with very little humic acid will be ready after 24 hours, others might take up to five days.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93y7RjO825pqadut8Do2uyOCcHWsdNf1VK-pd0WJ_g6Yi5_3L06hLyg-Im8dahf4YXxuePxcT-a3mNeW9ZfHdAbJmmcuDud7dF7JP-Kackc_lEKv49EHQXKzuE6uKVXLp3fBXWRKfXCqE/s1600/DSC02509.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93y7RjO825pqadut8Do2uyOCcHWsdNf1VK-pd0WJ_g6Yi5_3L06hLyg-Im8dahf4YXxuePxcT-a3mNeW9ZfHdAbJmmcuDud7dF7JP-Kackc_lEKv49EHQXKzuE6uKVXLp3fBXWRKfXCqE/s400/DSC02509.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samples about to be dried in the oven</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">The next step in the process is to dry the collagen samples. Now that the collagen has been sitting in liquids for the past week and half or so, they're quite waterlogged. What better way to dry off than to be cooked at 55⁰ C (135⁰ F) for 24 hours. Afterward, the samples are ready to weighed to account for the collagen percent yield, which tells us how well preserved the bones are (which hopefully will be around 25% for every sample). Then I will weigh a tiny amount (1 mg, from original pieces of 150-250 mg) into 3x5 mm tin boats, ready to be analyzed by the element analyzer and mass spectrometers in the Fogel lab back at UC Merced<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span> </span></span><br />
So far I've been limited to 82 samples, since that's how many plastic vials I have. Now that those plastic vials are mostly free again, I'll start this process again with the remaining unprocessed 78 seal bones. Hooray!<br />
<br />
When not working in the lab, I've been discussing background material and general ecological and archaeological information related to my project with Pancho, and possible directions where I can fill in gaps in our understanding of the evolution of this ecosystem over the last several thousand years. In a future post I plan to talk about the ecology of Tierra del Fuego and some ideas I'm playing around with. Stay tuned!Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-70874813737568251192015-07-12T18:11:00.000-07:002015-07-12T18:11:01.373-07:00El Intercambio de Arquelogía y Ecología<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--5KfaxKDkWM/VaL0TJt33XI/AAAAAAAACJg/PDYDB1oUokE/s1600/DSC02402.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="348" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--5KfaxKDkWM/VaL0TJt33XI/AAAAAAAACJg/PDYDB1oUokE/s640/DSC02402.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sunrise at CADIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Today I was lucky enough to visit <a href="http://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/areas-protegidas/region-patagonia/pn-tierra-del-fuego/" target="_blank">el Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego</a> with Pancho and his graduate student Pili to learn a bit more about both the environment and the Yamana (the indigenous people in southern Tierra del Fuego) who have lived here for thousands of years. Pili is studying how the Yamana processed seals after catching them by looking closely at the cut marks and various other human produced scrapes and scratches, carefully noting changes in how the seals were butchered over time. Thus, she is an excellent companion to have around, and with Pancho, provided me much insight about some of the characteristics and practices of the Yamana. Despite the abundance of archaeological sites here, there is still quite a bit of unkown information about these people, especially their ancestors from several thousand years ago.<br />
<br />
There are number of ethno-historical accounts describing the culture and lifestyle of the Yamana written by British missionaries from the 18th and 19th centuries, however it can be problematic to extrapolate this information into the deeper past, not only because these first European contacts tended to exaggerate stories about the cultures they encountered, but also due to the fact that culture is constantly evolving and changing. The Yamana of 18th century were certainly very different from the Yamana of 6000 years ago, even if many of their tools and physical patterns of settlement only show subtle differences. We are unable to identify most of those potential differences since we are left with a scant record of artifacts and other archaeological data since the Yamana had no written language. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P3xRMimTQDY/VaL0TCTSGII/AAAAAAAACJg/s0suVJJ7gyk/s1600/DSC02480.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P3xRMimTQDY/VaL0TCTSGII/AAAAAAAACJg/s0suVJJ7gyk/s320/DSC02480.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nothofagus trees, with lichen that guanacos love to eat in winter</td></tr>
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Despite this, we know that the Yamana were extremely mobile marine resource intensive hunter-gatherers, moving in small familial groups from site to site every few weeks. They would fashioning harpoons tips made of whale bone scavenged from beached whales to 3-4 meter long wooden poles from Nothofagus trees (a relative of oaks, for those of you familiar with trees from the northern hemisphere.) The Yamana of the Beagle Channel would paddle out to sea in their canoes (made from Nothofagus bark) and launch their long harpoons into their preferred targets, <i>Arctocephalus australis</i>, the Southern Fur seal. They would follow their targets until they died from their wounds, unable to dive with the large poles keeping them afloat. The fur seals, unlike other marine mammals, were small enough to fit in their canoes to bring to shore.<br />
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Once on shore, the Yamana would butcher the seals with bone and rock tools. (Some early stone tools were made of obsidian only found far to the north, evidence that the early peoples may have been more mobile than the more recent Yamana.) After this work was finished, a few remains, broken tools, and various other bits of unneeded materials were thrown to the side. Typically, working and living sites are identified by a circular pattern with the refuse all around the sides, creating pits in the middle. The vast majority of artifacts used to study these cultures come from the sides of these pits.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_rL2j3xNQvw/VaL0TMwZTwI/AAAAAAAACJg/obM3ZQfrqQM/s1600/DSC02458.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_rL2j3xNQvw/VaL0TMwZTwI/AAAAAAAACJg/obM3ZQfrqQM/s640/DSC02458.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="fbPhotoTagList" id="fbPhotoSnowliftTagList"><span class="fcg"><span class="fbPhotoTagListTag withTagItem tagItem">Bahia de Lapataia, connected to the Beagle Channel in the background</span></span></span></td></tr>
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Why am I telling you all this? Today's goal was to go see some of these pit sites in person. Originally we planned to go the Tunel I, where all my seal samples came from. But a snowstorm yesterday made the 40 minute walk to the site impassable. Instead, we went to the national park were there are a number of other sites and things to see. One very popular tourist attraction, the <span class="fbPhotoTagList" id="fbPhotoSnowliftTagList"><span class="fcg"><span class="fbPhotoTagListTag withTagItem tagItem">Bahia de Lapataia (Lapataia Bay) has a number of raised boardwalks that </span>prevent people from disturbing the numerous shell middens and pits underneath. (Midden is the archaeological term for "trash pile"). This particular site is so extensive and has so many shells that the soil chemistry has been altered, resulting in grass that grows in a different color. </span></span>Unfortunately, these sites were all buried in snow so I couldn't see anything underneath the boardwalk, but I should be able to during my next trip south.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-261HK3zQwP8/VaL0TPOHa5I/AAAAAAAACJg/h5mWACo3RqQ/s1600/DSC02474.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-261HK3zQwP8/VaL0TPOHa5I/AAAAAAAACJg/h5mWACo3RqQ/s640/DSC02474.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">El Rio Lapataia, connecting Lago Roca to Bahia Lapataia</td></tr>
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Another very cool place with an exciting geological history is the freshwater lake Lago Roca, which feeds a short, shallow and wide river that dumps into Bahia Lapataia and the Beagle Channel. I should state that all of Tierra del Fuego has an extensive glacial history, almost the entirety of the landscape here was influenced by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum (often abbreviated LGM, occurring roughly 25,000 years ago.) Glaciers carved not only the valley in which Lago Roca lies, but also the entire Beagle Channel. The lake is only at an elevation of 2-3 meters above sea level, hinting at its history as a fjord connected to the ocean after the glaciers retreated. Geologists believe that the fjord was cut off from the ocean about 6,000 years ago, leading to the formation of the lake. Archaeologists, however, contest this date since they find sites with shell middens (marine shells, mind you) from 4,000 years ago along the lake shores. While early peoples could have transported these shells inland, that would be inconsistent with observations found in other parts of Tierra del Fuego. In any case, it's very pretty and is a popular spot among hikers, canoers and kayakers during the summer months.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sGQZyhPdpCo/VaL0TAm0FtI/AAAAAAAACJg/LtwweTN8lBs/s1600/DSC02481.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sGQZyhPdpCo/VaL0TAm0FtI/AAAAAAAACJg/LtwweTN8lBs/s640/DSC02481.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking toward the north shoreline of Lago Roca, where many shell middens are found</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ih3DN9ShMNo/VaL0TC56FyI/AAAAAAAACJg/2rlhQBcHg_g/s1600/DSC02486.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ih3DN9ShMNo/VaL0TC56FyI/AAAAAAAACJg/2rlhQBcHg_g/s640/DSC02486.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking at the south shoreline of Lago Roca, which marks the boundary with Chile</td></tr>
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I was planning to write a bit about how the chemistry side of seal analysis was going, but this post seems pretty long and full of info already, so I'll save that for a post later this week. Stay tuned!<br />
<br />Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-59346029449038336942015-07-06T16:46:00.001-07:002015-07-06T16:46:53.381-07:00Esquiando y Trabajando<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view from CADIC toward the harbor</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A lot of delicious meat food</td></tr>
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I hope you all had a great 4th of July weekend! While I certainly missed having hot dogs, hamburgers and watching fireworks, I had an excellent, but very different and Argentinean version of the holiday weekend. Saturday afternoon I was introduced to a ton of new faces, quite literally. In Argentina, like much of the Spanish speaking world, you are expected to kiss people (and not just the ladies) on the cheek when being introduced, saying hello, goodbye. Any reason is an excuse really. So I've been slowly getting used to that even though some people realize I'm American and just shake my hand (or perhaps they see the awkwardness in my eyes.)<br />
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Despite this, or perhaps due to the natural inclusive nature of Argentinians, they invited me to delicious steak barbecue, or asado as its known here. I've learned that traditional Argentinian food is pretty much just meat. Delicious lightly seasoned meat, slow cooked for several hours. Usually you drink it with wine, and afterward Mate (pronounced mah-tay), a caffeine laden tea that people drink all day long out of ceramic cups and metal straws, or coffee. After a three hour meal of gorging yourself you must have a dessert of something like ice cream or flan, because you've earned it by that point. This lunch/dinner is generally the longest meal of the day. On work days, breakfast is often skipped entirely with people subsisting on mate/coffee and snacks until lunch comes around, which is typically pretty large. There's quite a few people with Italian heritage here so I am told, and this heritage lives on in the form of complicated and delicious meals. I had some awesome classic Italian style pizza on Thursday for CADIC's monthly special lunch. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skiing is fun</td></tr>
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On Sunday I went cross country skiing for the first time. Although I think downhill skiing is more fun, you definitely get a work out going on the flat. It was snowing the entire day but I had brought enough clothes to stay toasty. Later we settled in for lunch, which turned out to be serving after serving of lamb, followed by dessert. Again, a delicious three hour meal. After going out and sledding for a bit we drank hot chocolate, where you dip and stir a chocolate bar into some hot milk. I'm going to have to try that at home next winter.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Panorama of the recreational ski valley just outside of town. Skiing, dog sledding, and snowmobiling all in one place!</td></tr>
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Today I got back to work, next thing on the list was to start processing the samples that I had sorted through last week. There's many steps in the processing of bones for stable isotope analysis, but broken down into individual tasks they are simple. First you pick one of the samples, in this case the seal maxillas, and break off a small piece. I have a dremel tool which works like a small power saw, but they can create a lot of bone dust if your not careful. I also realized that I don't have the correct electrical adapter for it so that's out. It's ok since pliers work just as well and create less of a mess. The bones themselves are rather brittle and fragile so it's very easy to snap off small pieces of the right size.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3paMy5sSfW4SkyrSglIcpBmRqQcpdTQ6ZJ3vm6h-0WAI1nx0CpJx9Dvb0idKLrAHiNrpJ4VT7y5eUm5-FDlvsVWFAm6Hs_z5JLKthCkZQnqbFVhYOQA3gC8zpgTPL4V4Qm9Sm8zOoOo8/s1600/DSC02405.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3paMy5sSfW4SkyrSglIcpBmRqQcpdTQ6ZJ3vm6h-0WAI1nx0CpJx9Dvb0idKLrAHiNrpJ4VT7y5eUm5-FDlvsVWFAm6Hs_z5JLKthCkZQnqbFVhYOQA3gC8zpgTPL4V4Qm9Sm8zOoOo8/s640/DSC02405.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weighing bits of bone before demineralization. Notice the seal maxilla trying to eat its way through the vial tray.</td></tr>
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I take an initial weight for each bone sample in order to figure out how much collagen (the bendy, cartilage like stuff in bone) each bone contains. Typically, bones are 70% mineral and 30% collagen. However in older bones that have been buried for several thousand years, collagen breaks down. For bones of the age I'm looking at there is usually only about 20% collagen or less. I'll be measuring stable isotopes from collagen since that is what will accurately tell me information about the seal diets. Not to say that bone mineral is not useful. In the future I may drill some teeth for mineral which can provide insight into aspects of the seal's physical environment. Once the bone samples are weighed into vials, I can begin demineralization. That step I'll begin tomorrow.<br />
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Until next time, buenas noches my friends. Also, feel free to leave any comments if you'd like to hear about something I haven't talked about. There's plenty more I can write about! Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-36163614833684467212015-07-03T15:33:00.002-07:002015-07-03T15:33:48.307-07:00Counting Lobos MarinosFor the past several days I've been settling in at CADIC, and learning how to live the Ushuaia life. My host Pancho drove me through the icy streets earlier this week to the closest supermarket, Carrefour. It's like a mini-Costco for South America. I stocked up on my usual staples, though there's no peanut butter, or at least I didn't see any. Guess I'll have to change my lunch routine. I bought pasta and what I thought were a couple cans of tomato sauce, but turns out they were canned whole tomatoes. Certainly made my first homemade pasta dinner different from what I'm used to. The supermarket is a decent walk away, and since the sun rises around 10 and sets around 5, I haven't yet made the cold dark trek there yet. I'll be able to tomorrow, to stock up for my own personal Independence Day celebratory American style burger surprise. <br />
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Even though I saw it coming, I have to admit that it's jarring going from the hot, dry sunny drought-stricken California summer to the cold, dark wet winter in Ushuaia. Pancho informed me that this winter has been particularly harsh and snowy compared to normal, saying that it's usually much drier this time of year. Light feels like a premium here and unfortunately my work hours overlap entirely with the meager sunlight, so I haven't been outside much at all yet. I plan to make up for it this weekend. I'll be hitting the ski slopes with some grad students and exploring the town, so expect another post a few days from now about that. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh1jh9AC7wuFVityiUyHQl42xxBa1bA7zdVxz04L386EW8Y8dj_U94hgP_hZ9JpCFHdYQrqmEpZELy9lyKwLgbvvzoB8-mM8j15wh90Sqk7ux6yfkwURv6xmJKAx6WpYxNzH9p3DpD6U79/s1600/Copia+de+Perfil++nuevo+T%25C3%25BAnel+I+19+cm++con+ep%25C3%25ADgrafe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh1jh9AC7wuFVityiUyHQl42xxBa1bA7zdVxz04L386EW8Y8dj_U94hgP_hZ9JpCFHdYQrqmEpZELy9lyKwLgbvvzoB8-mM8j15wh90Sqk7ux6yfkwURv6xmJKAx6WpYxNzH9p3DpD6U79/s400/Copia+de+Perfil++nuevo+T%25C3%25BAnel+I+19+cm++con+ep%25C3%25ADgrafe.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Most seal bones come from layer D, but there are a few from E and F, too</td></tr>
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In any case, I wanted to post something about how the research is going and how quickly research priorities change once you have access to the materials. I've spent most of my time poring through the database/catalog of seals, cutting out specimens that are lacking in information about their sex or age. From an original amount of nearly one thousand seal maxillas, premaxillas, and maxillary canines (the bones and big teeth that comprise the front of your face between your nose and upper mouth, from which ages and sexes were originally determined by a PhD student in the 90s), I filtered it down to 364 ideal candidates. I then went through and opened a bags upon bags upon bags of neatly organized bones, categorized by the the exact layers of dirt they were excavated from (as seen in the stratigraphic figure attached above). By the time I finished going through the bags, I had only found 158 bones. What was going on? Where were all the others?<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyKFs19gkxc0m-Ib5LFL_RtJV6DJQIw76TfiTwDzWfKtjJufNzId02p4anPLiiw8zH4wCsE-MiIN5rUoBozhTnXymOH83QfkuOj3hNRkK4MEw5-t31_Z9GCXmmTpnzjvsgEqaW76V4ZctN/s1600/DSC02367.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyKFs19gkxc0m-Ib5LFL_RtJV6DJQIw76TfiTwDzWfKtjJufNzId02p4anPLiiw8zH4wCsE-MiIN5rUoBozhTnXymOH83QfkuOj3hNRkK4MEw5-t31_Z9GCXmmTpnzjvsgEqaW76V4ZctN/s640/DSC02367.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">158 South American Fur Seal maxillas waiting to be be demineralized</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNUJJfsYy5IVvfAW_FbmRYjEMR_80Cfrx4S3IsjNe3i97vxBWJbxeOxGVFUzUWX6KpDdgpvfPBwYBt2yHCbNPjzC6ZFlW1hrvxTj9Qu3FoO4BqQVqtJM2HRiJUAmXsn_gKoZ8O6ToEnwz/s1600/graph.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNUJJfsYy5IVvfAW_FbmRYjEMR_80Cfrx4S3IsjNe3i97vxBWJbxeOxGVFUzUWX6KpDdgpvfPBwYBt2yHCbNPjzC6ZFlW1hrvxTj9Qu3FoO4BqQVqtJM2HRiJUAmXsn_gKoZ8O6ToEnwz/s400/graph.png" width="387" /></a></div>
Turns out the missing samples were only teeth, and since I was only looking through bones, all I found <br />
were bones. Teeth require different methods for analysis since they hold very little collagen compared to bones. I threw together a quick graph to see if I had enough bones. Luckily I have enough bones represented different age classes and sexes so I can justify statements about the entire population and look at specific bits of seal life history (aka ontogeny). Pancho and I agreed that 158 samples are enough to extract ecological information considering the samples cover all parts of their life history. I can't wait to see what isotopes will have to say about their feeding habits and movement during different stages of their lives. <br />
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One aspect I really enjoy about my career is that I not only get to identify what may be happening to populations as a whole, but also get to do a little forensics too. One individual, #34222, was clearly sick during his lifetime of around 12 years. Before he was butchered and thrown into the site now known as Tunel I by Tierra del Fuegans some 5,000 years ago, he clearly had some abnormal growth on his face. It likely began early in his life since his nose grew off to the right around the tumor. Have some pictures!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh45X6ViyzV6-1AwX4C7EMji0uqneUVltAD_Y-vt9FaE1DiGwoTP70_GxiAcqiKf21lnt18ss8u-L02mKqJwfpFhJwr6LB2bldH_9wOb2NfXHeUplBJt_4sehHBqz8XiTZd0f_myF3_eztD/s1600/DSC02363.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh45X6ViyzV6-1AwX4C7EMji0uqneUVltAD_Y-vt9FaE1DiGwoTP70_GxiAcqiKf21lnt18ss8u-L02mKqJwfpFhJwr6LB2bldH_9wOb2NfXHeUplBJt_4sehHBqz8XiTZd0f_myF3_eztD/s640/DSC02363.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left - The pathologic specimen, tumor cavity in full view. Right - Example of a modern healthy fur seal skull</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikdiHMKIhtOOwGIx96VaA8owZR2gMfguEc9IFXMGoK-0vA5QV3Y-nRSv46hyXzraKjw-fyIcT95wrFVN-7ppiPtTr-pALyLw_KDFJUBT2cWFlwfq-ulIpvmAJHwTjT3sg_WXL1zIl2Hai5/s1600/DSC02362.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikdiHMKIhtOOwGIx96VaA8owZR2gMfguEc9IFXMGoK-0vA5QV3Y-nRSv46hyXzraKjw-fyIcT95wrFVN-7ppiPtTr-pALyLw_KDFJUBT2cWFlwfq-ulIpvmAJHwTjT3sg_WXL1zIl2Hai5/s640/DSC02362.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking up and underneath at seal maxilla #32444 and the comparative skull. </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLK6YlgQd7YcFQRcLu7stklLbLv9_3fGMzmh-SfsLvqbOBTMsC2XJrDz3dLoLY98eJbPxLWKThsMd89EUbq5ce0bLEeRkQ223QLqQ8IokgrQcRGkt0lxb0eQvvxZmUX7WLDjKxPkC5jF8u/s1600/DSC02361.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLK6YlgQd7YcFQRcLu7stklLbLv9_3fGMzmh-SfsLvqbOBTMsC2XJrDz3dLoLY98eJbPxLWKThsMd89EUbq5ce0bLEeRkQ223QLqQ8IokgrQcRGkt0lxb0eQvvxZmUX7WLDjKxPkC5jF8u/s320/DSC02361.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking head on at the pathologic skull</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLIccmtkt7mn2w6pEAd6Alfs7RbFPsxQHsAXHUvTBpPubdOLs1uxn0c9nzkO5ou6gKuOgRnBV2MK-mHtK1xcOvBqJBw589V1TeNbTOnI5-xG9tGVN0LzeXjJXs_ymOQNd0M0h7QClzKPb5/s1600/DSC02360.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLIccmtkt7mn2w6pEAd6Alfs7RbFPsxQHsAXHUvTBpPubdOLs1uxn0c9nzkO5ou6gKuOgRnBV2MK-mHtK1xcOvBqJBw589V1TeNbTOnI5-xG9tGVN0LzeXjJXs_ymOQNd0M0h7QClzKPb5/s320/DSC02360.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking straight into the tumor cavity</td></tr>
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<br />Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-14544284289926938642015-07-01T10:51:00.003-07:002015-07-01T10:51:57.497-07:00Bienvenido a Argentina<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq9muvRZ-iReYvkxofoGbcPMGUvHw2SG-WGIAVMNoYU9uTJ-s3yjRwP8EqdwG3hApWZW0heq3TlJL3C1WOrOtN8wcrIBhTodAlszrU9LiGXbtZhf4FwUihACsrm_wo9SR4wa9DF4pm5zCn/s1600/DSC02339.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq9muvRZ-iReYvkxofoGbcPMGUvHw2SG-WGIAVMNoYU9uTJ-s3yjRwP8EqdwG3hApWZW0heq3TlJL3C1WOrOtN8wcrIBhTodAlszrU9LiGXbtZhf4FwUihACsrm_wo9SR4wa9DF4pm5zCn/s640/DSC02339.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buenos Aires from the air</td></tr>
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After a long, sleepless overnight flight I arrived in Buenos Aires. Since my connection to Ushuaia required me to travel to another airport in the city, I had to take a bus across town, passing through the downtown area. On the outskirts of town near the international EZE airport there were several fields of people playing soccer, several biking pump tracks, and many trees without leaves. The tree skeletons were the first sign I had that it is winter in the southern hemisphere. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0vKwv5wZ9YCADyQP-nNUdVXPJKWzOO_L5YypfhpHg7vx1njTNslsDIrv5BEyHq-p1kJpPuRakpk-86ULE6TQ1FNSJH6hBQ7Xjibt2LlSDz12V0qhblf8JZAwshl5VUokvYXt4XdokCAz/s1600/DSC02353_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0vKwv5wZ9YCADyQP-nNUdVXPJKWzOO_L5YypfhpHg7vx1njTNslsDIrv5BEyHq-p1kJpPuRakpk-86ULE6TQ1FNSJH6hBQ7Xjibt2LlSDz12V0qhblf8JZAwshl5VUokvYXt4XdokCAz/s400/DSC02353_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Along the walkway near the Aeroparque</td></tr>
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Once I got to the Aeroparque, the domestic airport, I found a nice walkway along the coastline with food trucks selling hamburgers and other meaty sandwiches, a nice relief from all the airport food. The climate is quite nice in Buenos Aires even during the winter, you would be fine just walking in a t-shirt. I spent some time walking around before my next flight and taking in some sights before my next flight.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A restaurant and the sadly unaccessable pier near the Aeroparque</td></tr>
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The flight south to Ushuaia was uneventful. That is until the very end of the flight. As we were descending into the airport, the plane starting creaking, the wing was bending more than I would say is comforting, a guy in front of me threw up. You could hardly see anything out the window. We were getting close to the runway when the pilot blasted the engines and we pulled up sharply. He later informed us that he couldn't see the runway, and that we would have to fly in a holding pattern until the weather improved or land at an alternate airport. After circling around above the airport a few times we descended again and made the landing. The entire plane erupted in applause, and rightfully so. The lights on the runway were buried in snow. I've never been more grateful to get off a plane and thank the pilots. Landing on an ice runway with skis was less nerve-wracking than this. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arriving in Ushuaia. Below and to the right of the light is a human, for scale.</td></tr>
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I was welcomed by Pancho, my host professor in Ushuaia. After a quick stop we dropped my baggage at the room I'll be living in for a month, and took a fantastic shower since I hadn't been able to for a few days. Pancho and his wife Angie treated me to a muy muy delicioso dinner. They had fine cuts of beef, pork and lamb with sausage, traditional Argentinian offerings. All in all, an excellent introduction to the city at the end of the world. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The office</td></tr>
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This morning I was introduced to many different scientists and students working at <a href="http://www.cadic-conicet.gob.ar/">CADIC (Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas)</a> who work and operate labs in archaeology, biology, geology and other sciences. For my scientist friends who may be interested, there is a huge opportunity for collaboration on many different kinds of projects. I was discussing with Pancho different directions I could take my project, whether I wanted to expand spatio-temporally or work with different organisms and field sites. Luckily for me, the samples I'm interested in working with have been radiocarbon dated, their ontogeny identified (juvenile vs. adult individuals) and sexed. The combination of these characteristics along with dietary information gleaned from stable isotope analysis are extremely useful for not only identifying general ecological information, but about life histories of individuals. Not only that, but in a population of seals that lived and were hunted by humans about 6,000 to 5,000 years ago. Also, I'll have access to large collections of animals from various parts of the food web, including mussels at the base to fish and seabirds at the middle and high trophic levels. Ultimately, I will be able to understand what life was like in Tierra del Fuego from both a holistic perspective and a focused perspective (for the seals, at least.)</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More importantly, the view from the office</td></tr>
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Until next time, adios amigos!</div>
Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-45700729916247979312015-06-29T18:02:00.000-07:002015-06-29T18:02:02.211-07:00The next mission to the southSo starts the next chapter...beginning my research for my PhD thesis. I've always wanted to do something that combines my varying interests (from archaeology to physical science, biology and earth system science) with a project that would allow me to travel to remote parts of the world while practicing cutting edge science. My adviser at UC Merced, Dr. Marilyn Fogel, told me about the potential of a large pile of seal and sea lion bones, un-analyzed and fresh for the picking (If you can consider several hundred or thousand year old bones fresh.) I jumped at the opportunity. As it turns out, funding such an endeavor is not necessarily the easiest task so I applied to the highly competitive NSF Graduate Fellowship. I didn't get it, but that hasn't stopped me from taking the first step, as you will soon see. Marilyn generously provided some of her lab start-up funds to help me pay for the multiple flights to the southern hemisphere and I also received a grant from the UC Merced School of Natural Sciences, for which I am exceedingly grateful. Below is my proposal for the NSF grant which will give you an idea of my "grand" goals for my thesis, if you, the casual reader, are unfamiliar with my project.<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Understanding how pinniped (seal and sea
lion) populations were affected by the introduction of humans can elucidate how
ecological communities react to human disturbances. At the intersection between
the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans, Tierra del Fuego and the Beagle
Channel are physical and biological nexus points that are poised to be highly
influenced by climate change given their locations at ~55</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">⁰</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
South. This location is an ideal space for exchange between diverse marine and
terrestrial communities, as noted by Darwin himself. With the help of the NSF
GFRP, the Blois and Fogel labs, and my colleagues in Argentina, I plan to
identify human effects on the Beagle Channel by comparing pre-human and post-human
pinniped populations through measuring changes in food web dynamics and changes
in the population genetics.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>As<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>top level predators of the Beagle
Channel, pinnipeds regulate community composition. However the evolution of
these species interactions over the past 10 Ka are unknown. I aim to disentangle
the interactions between pinnipeds, humans, and other important actors in this
system using three types of analyses: (a) stable isotope geochemistry (dietary
and trophic information), (b) ancient DNA phylogenetics (population demography),
and (c) radiometric dating (timing of these potential changes). I hypothesize
that when humans reach the Beagle Channel, they significantly alter pinniped
habitats and diets. Pinnipeds likely experienced a genetic bottleneck as marine
mammal hunting was a significant source of food for early human populations in
Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. </span></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fig. 1 – A map of southern South America showing archaeological
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern populations of seals and sea lions are
largely limited to the fringes of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tierra del Fuego<sup>6</sup>. Top level
predators that forage closer to the coast near Tierra del Fuego have been shown
to have a higher trophic level than those that forage in deeper oceanic waters given
that a larger food web exists near the coast due to higher nutrient and energy
availability<sup>4</sup>. In this region, pinnipeds are top level predators
that regulate various lower level marine predators, such as fish. Coastal and
offshore diets are recorded in the stable isotopic signature of marine animals.
I predict a shift in stable isotopic values from a higher trophic level to a
lower trophic level as pinniped habitat shifted due to human impacts.
Concurrently with this isotopic shift, pinniped populations should decline as a
result of direct hunting, habitat loss, and lesser resource availability <sup>1,2</sup>.
Smaller populations show lesser genetic diversity, as seen in other systems<sup>1</sup>.
If pinniped populations declined, habitats moved to more remote areas and
foraging habits altered, the community compositions of sites along the Beagle
Channel and Fuegian archipelago likely would have changed. Food chain length in
human altered areas likely decreased as major predators were removed due to
cascading effects from the removal of major predators. More remote areas may
have seen increased niche selection pressures as seals dispersed from or were
eliminated due to human contact. A reduction in genetic diversity limits
resilience and the ability of organisms to adapt to disturbances such as
climate change and habitat destruction. Small populations are susceptible to
extinction as marine ecology is altered. As pinnipeds are removed, other marine
mammals such as dolphins may take advantage of the vacuum in the previously
occupied pinniped niche or apply pressure to vulnerable species. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There is an abundance of archaeological
sites near the Beagle Channel with hundreds of unanalyzed bones. I will analyze
two species of pinnipeds, South American fur seals (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arctocephalus australis</i>) and Southern sea lions<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Otaria flavescens</i>)
commonly found in the archaeological sites. Only one site has had seal bone
analyzed for stable isotopes, though many other unanalyzed sites exist (see
Fig. 1). Several sites have not been excavated, and pre-human sites can be
identified in remote sensing surveys and fossil surveys. No ancient seals have
been sampled for ancient DNA, nor have any pre-human seals been analyzed. Radiocarbon
dating of the samples will show the timing of both potential shifts in the food
web and genetic changes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Stable isotope geochemistry has been well
established as a method for identifying marine-terrestrial relationships<sup>3.
</sup>Bone collagen represents an excellent resource for representation of
animal diets over several years of the animal’s life. Using compound specific
amino acid analysis and bulk carbon, nitrogen and strontium stable isotopes as
measured from seal bone collagen, I will identify changes in diets between
localities of seals in the region, as well as potential changes in climate and
the environment at large. δ<sup>13</sup>C values will show habitat preferences
and trophic levels, δ<sup>15</sup>N will show changes in ocean productivity
over time as well as trophic levels, and δ<sup>34</sup>S will show benthic
versus pelagic differences in diets<sup>3</sup>. Through the isotopic analysis
of compound specific amino acids using δ<sup>15</sup>N I will be able to
differentiate trophic food web dynamics and baseline shifts in productivity. I
will characterize seal habitats and diets over time by identifying changes in
stable isotope values.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ancient DNA will be critical in
identifying population structure and trends over time in seals<sup>1</sup>.
Since genetic diversity directly correlates with population size, an analysis
of genetic diversity over time can show how population demographics change. I
will construct phylogenetic networks to show genetic relationships between
populations of animals. A convenient way to measure population demographics
would be through statistical analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from
seals during various time periods. Previous studies<sup>5</sup> have identified
the tRNA-Glu and cytochrome <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">b</i> genes
showing geographic variation in modern populations of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O. flavescens </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.
australis</i> and analysis of these genes in ancient populations will provide a
basis for comparison. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">My research will shed light on how humans
have affected an understudied region of world, filling in a major gap in our
understanding of human altered ecosystems. The results of this study, showing
how humans altered seal habitat and populations, will have implications for the
conservation of endangered species and ecosystem functions in a high latitude
region where the effects of climate change are felt most. Identifying potential
differences or similarities between human-animal interactions in South America is
essential for a global perspective. A major goal of this research is to
elucidate how humans affect marine-terrestrial ecosystems to better understand
how animals reacted to human impacts. Working with colleagues from Argentina,
we can increase cross-cultural relationships. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Literature
Cited:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">De
Bruyn et al., 2009. PLoS - Genetics, 5(7), p. 1-11., <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2</b>. Gifford-Gonzalez D. 2011. University of California Press
Berkeley: Los Angeles and London; 221–242., <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.</b> Newsome et al., 2010. Marine Mammal Science 26(3): 509–572. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4</b>. Riccialdelli, et al., 2010. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 418: 235-248.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 5</b>.
Túnez, et al., 2007. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 72.4:
193-203, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">6.</b> Zangrando et al., 2014.
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 24(2), 231-244.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
That brings us to this first trip. In the next five weeks, I'll be processing previously excavated bones from the oldest cave site in order to get a general idea of what the seal ecology is like, though I won't be able to crunch numbers until I get back. Of course I won't be accomplishing all the goals outlined in my proposal above, but this is a good first step. I'll have access to bones from about 270 individual seals and sea lions from various time frames, and primarily be focused on doing chemistry to prepare tiny chunks of bone collagen for the stable isotope analysis. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLRruYW8CwJLtyMP2L6CRTmyI79NSGR9QzbtUy8AlIfdu5YcIhziJPVXjPtYnSvpq9-ZGBrdu18wAAqaedou2Bf59TJQuoRwXLGZxcss6Cg_o-h1BCgW8t0XJ80cqSDFddxwgXdu_BVk1m/s1600/IMAG0540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLRruYW8CwJLtyMP2L6CRTmyI79NSGR9QzbtUy8AlIfdu5YcIhziJPVXjPtYnSvpq9-ZGBrdu18wAAqaedou2Bf59TJQuoRwXLGZxcss6Cg_o-h1BCgW8t0XJ80cqSDFddxwgXdu_BVk1m/s640/IMAG0540.jpg" width="640" /> </a></td><td style="text-align: center;"> </td><td style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A pile of lab supplies I'm bringing with me. It's expensive to get this kind of stuff within Argentina</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Traveling for a month plus to do research takes some preparation. I'm bringing a bunch of lab supplies and had to go through the official bureaucratic system for buying tickets, which is a pain but totally worth the trouble. Yesterday I flew out of Los Angeles, though a delayed flight to Houston caused me to miss my connecting flight to Buenos Aires. So I've been sitting in an airport slowly going crazy over an extra day of traveling, but that did give me some time to rest up and write this out. Tomorrow morning I'll be Buenos Aires, and later that day I'll be in Ushuaia. Stay tuned!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrMdjoquvL-SXflM0wCOmZd7OxAP7YivQtE7ldoqpk4F1r_L7D-9-5rNpcLpPTWooiOTY2mHzG4Rz4R3b_vbQw2rw3VNsasboyK6BBqECsbmM_bogCmGGeJwwKPNRqNPtzqDhorbt5DyVF/s1600/DSC02336.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrMdjoquvL-SXflM0wCOmZd7OxAP7YivQtE7ldoqpk4F1r_L7D-9-5rNpcLpPTWooiOTY2mHzG4Rz4R3b_vbQw2rw3VNsasboyK6BBqECsbmM_bogCmGGeJwwKPNRqNPtzqDhorbt5DyVF/s640/DSC02336.jpg" width="640" /></a>Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-12621846741625818022014-05-29T09:26:00.003-07:002014-05-29T09:26:58.712-07:00# 12 - Small Update<br />
Just wanted to let you all know that our project was featured in an article in the <span class="il">Antarctic</span> Sun, the local <span class="il">Antarctic</span> newspaper! Check it out!<br />
<br />
<a href="http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contentHandler.cfm?id=2987" target="_blank">http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/<wbr></wbr>science/contentHandler.cfm?id=<wbr></wbr>2987</a><br />
<br />
Also, I do have a few remaining <span class="il">newsletters</span>
to publish. It's been rather busy around here with two jobs + grad
school prep. In any case, I've been planning to take my previous <span class="il">newsletters</span> and clean them up for a blog so they can be viewed for posterity. I'll be sure to let you all know when that goes online. Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-28664338587100804542014-05-29T09:26:00.002-07:002014-05-29T09:26:45.849-07:00#11 - Salmon Valley<div>
<b>Salmon Valley: Hangin' out in the Royal Society Range, Seals and stuff!</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Near
the end of our seal sampling journey we made trips to the Royal Society
valleys nearby and a trip to Marble/Gneiss point along the coast. All
the seals sampled in my video included in the last email were from
Salmon Valley. Since there isn't a whole lot to talk about about Salmon
Valley (other than that we found no salmon,) I'll talk about the seal
carcass weathering process and how we think it relates to age and
environment. </div>
<div>
</div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.8&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143e54d67e606906&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 4" class="" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.7&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143e54f75eff6537&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /><br />
<div>
Left
- A view of the ridge separating Garwood and Salmon Valleys from the
air. The Ross Ice Sheet, Brown Peninsula, Black Island and White Island
lie in the background. Right - Salmon Valley Glacier<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 2" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.9&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143e54e112202733&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 3" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.2&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143e54ebd7e59d39&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- Looking at the light snow left behind from a localized snow storm.
Snow dropped in regional storms sublimates (instead of snow melting and
then evaporating, ice goes straight from a solid phase to gas) and
creates smaller localized storms inside individual valleys, often making
weather very different between valleys that are even right next to each
other. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 5" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.4&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143e550583e80ce2&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 6" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.10&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143e5517f6eda384&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
</div>
<div>
Left - Close to Salmon Glacier. The older, more
experienced folk (Brenda and Paul) decided to skirt the edge of the
glacier looking for seals, nobly putting themselves in dangers way
instead of us kids. According to US <span class="il">Antarctic</span>
Program official Risk Assessment guidelines, this was rather risky. Many
seals were found in the ice just beneath the glacier. Note how ice had
recently broken off the face to the left of Paul and Brenda. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Seal Carcass Weathering: How old are these things, anyway?</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We developed the carcass weathering scale adapted from a paper that touches on the subject (<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Barwick & Balham 1967)</span>,
and compiled by Laura Niven and I in the lab after some thought that
this system could give us a good way of measuring seals in the field.
Since we don't have the budget to measure the age of every sample we
collected, we will be trying to use this weathering system to figure out
a general age of the animals. After we fix radiocarbon ages to the
mummies, we'll be able to extrapolate general ages to the state of the
carcasses. Something to note is that this scale really only applies to
mummies on the surface, buried mummies will undergo a different
weathering process that is controlled by chemical microbial destruction,
rather than the sun and wind, or mechanical action from glaciers
grinding mummies. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A - Complete.
Fresh. Undamaged from wind erosion, no dessication. We didn't find
really any seals that fit this definition; however, in Taylor Valley an
unfortunate Leopard wandered in and died in December. While we couldn't
and didn't want to sample such a fresh seal (we do not have a permit to
collect anything that died after 1972 due to the Marine Mammal
Protection Act), That seal would fall under that category.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
B - Complete.
Slightly weathered. Partial erosion of hair on exposed surfaces, cracks
in skin
exposing deeper tissues or bones in the flippers or cranium. We did find
many seals in this condition. The seal below, for example, was found
with most of its fur intact, however the wind was beginning to have an
effect on the carcass. This seal was also close enough to the coast to
have its eyes scavenged by Skuas. </div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.3&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143f46770774c7d4&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
C- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Incomplete.
Extensive erosion and exposure of bones of upward part of body (skull, ribs,
limbs). <i>Skeleton undamaged</i> but soft
tissues eroding between bony elements. The majority of seal mummies we
found happened to be C or D. At this point mummies are often heavily
wind abraded on one side with skin and fur preserved on the other as the
exposed part breaks down more readily in the sun and wind.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 2" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.5&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143f4682fa30bf9c&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
D- Incomplete.
Extensive erosion with regional destruction of bone and tissues. Vertebral
column completely exposed and 40-50% tissue is destroyed. As you
can see in the mummy below, the head is missing. This is a common
occurrence in the world of vertebrate paleontology as heads are attached
by relatively weak neck vertebrae and break off as soon as the soft
tissue around it decays. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 3" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.1&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143f46992fd18450&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
E-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Very
incomplete.
> 50% of carcass is eroded. Vertebral column and cranium
incomplete; limbs and rib cage becoming remnants. Difficult or
impossible to
identify species, sex, size. In the specimen below, you can see that the
seal is a unrecognizable mess of tissue and bone. The best we can hope
for is that an identifiable bone is present so we can try to figure out
what species it is. While it might seem that a sample from a nearly
destroyed carcass is useless, we can still use bone and tissue samples
for DNA, radiocarbon, and stable isotope data, which will tell us the
species, age, and diet of the animal. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 4" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143f489db4b83db4&attid=0.6&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143f46b0974498ee&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
F- Fragments
or
isolated bones. We found many isolated bones, many of which are
potentially very old and will be useful for identifying the long term
population dynamics of different seal species over the past several
thousand years. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We have a similar system for
measuring bone weathering, since isolated bones will also go through a
similar weathering process where certain parts of bones will break apart
faster than others. And that wraps it up for this email, thanks for
reading!</div>
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-20797380845621831342014-05-29T09:26:00.001-07:002014-05-29T09:26:25.553-07:00# 10 - Cape RobertsI realized I forgot to include my video from last time, so here it is: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvkZFIRR-bc" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/<wbr></wbr>watch?v=TvkZFIRR-bc</a><br />
<div>
Be sure to turn up the quality so you can get the full experience. It includes highlights from the entire trip. </div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>Cape Roberts: Life on the Coast </b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
While
we focused on the coast during our field season last year, we decided
to come back to spots we weren't able to visit during that season, Cape
Roberts, Marble and Gneiss Points. Cape Roberts was full of all kinds of
wildlife as an active Skua nesting ground with plenty of Weddell seals
nearby on the sea ice. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.6&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d60e32116b7ad&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 2" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.8&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d60f2e5719e49&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /><br />
<div>
Left
- A view of the sea ice with Taylor Valley and Explorer's Cove in the
background, sites we covered in the 2012-2013 field season on the way to
Cape Roberts. Right - Wilson Piedmont and Spike Cape, on the way to
Cape Roberts. The Piedmont has been shrinking back over the past several
decades, exposing mummies that had been long buried under ice.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 3" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.5&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d610138aae52d&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 4" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.7&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d61117c6324b2&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- A Skua pair at Cape Roberts, claiming their territory and challenging
anything that comes near it. Right - A Skua mother and chick, with the
mother doing her thing, calling out to make us aware of her presence. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
For those unfamiliar with the term "Skua," I'll
introduce them to you as fat devil birds. The South Polar Skuas
(Skoo-uh) are highly territorial, aggressive, scavenging sea birds that
nest on the <span class="il">Antarctic</span> coast during the summer
and migrate throughout the entire world during the winter. Skuas are
territorial and aggressive for a good reason: these birds are cannibals.
They'll eat each others young when given the opportunity. For example,
in desperate times, a Skua will distract a mother away from her chick,
and the other member of the hunting Skua pair will dive in and grab the
chick while it's trying to hide under a rock. Skuas will also fight to
the death over drinking water ponds, as evidenced by the clearly
scavenged Skua bodies we found nearby. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 5" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.3&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d61254bf03e41&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 6" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.4&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d612de2f28bf8&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- A Weddell seal lying out on the sea ice near a big crack in the ice.
The bottom of Mt. Erebus lies in the background just to the right of a
large iceberg. Right - A recently deceased Weddell Seal is being
scavenged by Skuas. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The only other animals nearby are Weddell Seals,
which typically lie out on the sea ice near accessible diving spots.
Unlike other seals in <span class="il">Antarctica</span>, Weddell's
prefer to lay out on the ice all the time, whereas Crabeater seals will
venture out into the open ocean during the summer, with Leopard Seals
following (and hunting) the Crabeaters. Weddell seals will either take
advantage of naturally formed cracks in the ice, or use their teeth to
break through so they can go fishing below. Weddell's were one of the
three main species of seals we were looking for. Judging by Weddell
carcasses we found on the coast, Skuas had a hard time scavenging
carcasses in areas other than the eyes or perhaps they just really like
eyes. So if you fall asleep along the coast, you might want to be
careful about your eyes. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Southern Elephant Seals prefer north facing beaches
and open water. In the project that inspired this one, Elephant Seals
were the main focus since they have a complicated history on the <span class="il">Antarctic</span>
coast, and especially the Ross Sea. Several thousand years ago, when
the Ross Sea had more open water, The largest known Elephant Seal colony
existed in the Ross Sea. Around 1000 years ago, a regional cooling
trend froze the Ross Sea, and the local Elephant Seal population
collapsed, leaving behind only traces of fur that can be found on
ancient beaches under rocks. Though we were searching for other species
of seals in the main focus of the project, we were also looking for
Elephant Seal fur that was left behind to find out more about ancient
Elephant Seal populations as a small side project. Now that the Ross Sea
is warming back up, we want to find out how other seal species will
react to this climate change, and if the Elephant seals might return to
these formerly populated beaches.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 7" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.1&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d61426662d2c7&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 8" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143d664cfa077a67&attid=0.2&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143d614f521c8a3a&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
</div>
<div>
Left - Skuas defending territory on the rocks at Cape Roberts. Right - A weather station at Cape Roberts. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
And that's about it for this email. I had a few
questions since the last one, mostly about the timing of events and seal
evolution. In terms of the sequence of Geologic events, <span class="il">Antarctica</span>
was not centered on the South Pole like it is today in the Mesozoic. At
the time, Dinosaurs, trees and productive ecosystems existed with
fossils of both in the sediments of the Royal Society Range (near
Marshall Valley). The Ross Sea formed as a rift system, leading to
volcanic activity that is still present with Mt. Erebus. As <span class="il">Antarctica</span>
centered over the South Pole in the Paleogene, the Southern Ocean
formed a circular current which increased the cooling effect around the
continent, which not only drove temperatures down around the continent,
but around the entire world, killing off normal life in <span class="il">Antarctica</span>.
Significant amounts of ice and glacier penetrated into the valleys and
receded repeatedly beginning in the Miocene until the Last Glacial
Maximum in the Pleistocene. The first known seals are known from
temperate environments, including California, in the Oligocene and
Miocene. The three major groups of seals didn't separate until later on
in the Pliocene. The five species of <span class="il">Antarctic</span>
seals are the Southern Elephant Seal (beach loving seals with colonies),
Crabeater Seals (the most abundant seal, and possibly the most abundant
large mammal after humans on Earth), Weddell Seals (sea ice lovers),
and the rare and elusive Ross Seal (rare, elusive, deep divers out in
the open ocean). </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 9" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh8XPVxvRb7wjfRM5SOPA0hhccgllbgFv1u722EcFJTIab2Ir7IWREvbpbtmpKQoDDLRodkIdudMYekVd5rx9P4ev2cO_67w5lgcIMxyWKPO0fLXmTnU-A79PHPdEkyx0UtsT8TqlJZLvX4xM74aumxKOY6DtSgaXYXqDQ=s0-d-e1-ft" width="275" /> <img alt="Inline image 10" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEg9wSZa45rxwCzWzaQuVyc3QwtwCLQDNB5ltjnrjWF2fbNiKDn6qVi5CF9AZdqB-9y767JHVnivZ6CauVrzEg8O7PE1PF-zkoO-I7dLtKmjSg66UFp8ApaT-srUt48V1kTAX-uj0lr7XOxSrBpPpKLacGbQKSdCEy113bI23iCBjfIpZjYsycATI-AtbUrXsXSfKBSTANblrdqr28iq2MRn=s0-d-e1-ft" width="420" /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
That was a quick and dirty summary of the background. If something doesn't make any sense let me know!</div>
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-66051902355523098442014-05-29T09:26:00.000-07:002014-05-29T09:26:10.563-07:00#9 - Marshall ValleySince I've recently made it back to Santa Cruz I thought I'd continue the <span class="il">newsletter</span>!<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Marshall Valley: The Royal Society Range, Life in the Valleys, and a Bonus Video</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
After visiting the Convoy Range in the far
north, we moved our camp from Wright Valley to the valleys of the Royal
Society range in the south, choosing Marshall Valley as our base camp
since it had the most known seals (roughly 80). We spent several days
hiking through Wright Valley finding almost every one, plus many more
that hadn't ever been mapped. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.2&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c626bb3391702&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 2" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.1&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c62725a611514&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- One of many seals in Marshall Valley. The seals typically followed
drainages or stream beds. Notice the moss to the left of the seal. Right
- A seal on the flank of the south slope dipping into Marshall Valley.
This seal happened to be lying above melting buried ice, the source of
the drainage in the picture on the left. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 3" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.3&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c627c2dd5d793&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 4" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.8&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c6284017d2288&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- An ice core pond in Marshall Valley. Ice core is a mix of ice and
rock that was left behind by the Ross Ice sheet during the Last Glacial
Maximum (~25,000 years ago). This mixture of ice and rock is unstable
and creates these pothole ponds. Right - a seal nearby some ice core
deposits.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 5" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.7&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c628ded934785&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 6" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.10&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c6296ccce0ba1&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- A closer look at the seal in the ice core photo above. There is a
large quantity of moss growing behind the seal. Right - Bacteria/algae
growing downstream of a seal near the bottom of Marshall Valley. The
microbes here tend to range from orange/red to green. Lipid and
cholesterol byproduct form bubbles on the surface of the pond.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Life inside the valleys is vastly different from
what most people are familiar with, but it does exist even here. In some
areas it is actually quite vibrant. The majority of life in the valleys
are fairly isolated from the coast, the only organisms that venture in
are the occasional seal, the rare penguin, and skua, a seagull-like
scavenging bird. The ecosystems here are dominated by microbial life,
generally, photosynthetic algaes, bacteria, and moss. These tend to grow
in areas where there is a high nutrient supply which is phosphate
limited. Luckily for many microbes, bones are an excellent source of
phosphate, and seals are hypothesized to play a major role in supplying
this nutrient. Other forms of life include red mites and springtails,
arthropods and insects that are essentially living fossils. We sometimes
found red mites and springtails on bones when digging bones out of
highly productive soils. Red mites and springtails populations tend to
be isolated and they differ genetically from valley to valley.
Occasionally a lichen will be seen, however we didn't see any except for
on the coast this year, and only one in Taylor Valley last year. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 7" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.6&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c629f8b9636a1&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 9" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.9&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c62c710df4e4d&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left
- A look at Ross Island (Mt. Erebus being the larger mountain on Ross
Island) from Taylor Valley. Right - looking at a stream cut into ice
core deposits. The white here is actually not ice, but salts that have
been left behind. An abundance of Gypsum and Carbonates can be found in
and around Marshall Valley, formed when large amounts of water were
present as the ice sheet melted into lakes before draining out of the
valley. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 10" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.5&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c62d556381c60&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 11" height="314" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143c663419910436&attid=0.4&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143c62dbcd61b8ac&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Inside
the Cook tent in Marshall Valley Camp, acting as our common living
space were we read books, played cards, cooked and ate food, and hung up
wet seal samples to dry (notice the bags hanging from the ceiling). </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
And that's pretty much it for this <span class="il">newsletter</span>. More to come later!</div>
Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-8245878308701801062014-05-29T09:25:00.002-07:002014-05-29T09:25:57.054-07:00 #8 - The Convoy Range<div>
This'll be a mix of answering questions and describing the the
Convoy Range, but might be a little shorter since we flew out of McMurdo
yesterday and we've been busy traveling (Hooray!). I'm finishing this
up in the Sydney airport waiting to board the plane. Two flights down,
two to go! </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Upper Wright Valley Addendum: Wind Blown Seals</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.9&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143b6fb6ac8fb1f8&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /><img alt="Inline image 2" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.7&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143b6fcac89888b2&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Right and Left - Examples of seals that have been clearly
been blown from they're original dying positions. Left - A seal that's
tilited near vertical, showing the original normal wind-blown side. The
other side of the seal is still covered in skin, which could only have
been preserved by being covered on the ground. Right - A seal that has
been wedged between rocks. While this could have been done by humans,
this area isn't frequented by humans and generally experiences stronger
winds that other areas due to a bottleneck leading me to believe that
these strange positions were produced naturally. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A couple people asked if it's possible the seals
were blown a good distance by those strong winds I mentioned, and in
some cases that's true. However, the coastal wind isn't strong enough to
blow seals up valley, the positions we find them at must be the minimum
distance traveled inland (unless they've been picked up by humans,
which is possible in places where Scott's expedition went or by huts
that have been staffed since the mid 20th century when rules about
touching seals weren't implemented). We usually can't identify how far
they've traveled, though we have noticed more than few cases of related
bones trailing downwind from the seals, sometimes up to 20-30 meters
(~60-90 feet) away from the original carcasses. We know these downwind
bones came from the same seal since their usually aren't any other
mummies nearby, those bones are missing from the original carcass and
they appear to have a similar weathering stage, size and shape to the
original seal. If the mummies are whole, we'll sometimes notice they are
in frost cracks, where they possibly could have rolled into. Other
seals which are more weathered and shaped like sails could easily have
traveled farther, and clumps of skin and bone that have assumed a rough
ball shape farther still. Often carcasses will be found half buried, and
once that happens they are much harder to move as the oils and fats
that leak from the carcass cement the bodies to the soil. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
I was also asked if I could describe the <span class="il">Antarctic</span> Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) a bit more. When the <span class="il">Antarctic</span>
Treaty was ratified in 1959, the signatory countries agreed to meet
every two years to discuss amendments and changes in the ways they
wanted things governed. One of these changes was the creation of ASPAs,
which are areas of significant scientific or cultural value that can't
be entered without special permits. Areas of cultural value include
Scott's huts, Shackleton's hut, etc. from early habitation on the
continent. The Dry Valleys were declared and ASPA for scientific reasons
(I'll include the map again for reference), and the area on the map in
the dotted red are no fly zones with more restricted access just to
prevent helicopters from affecting the area. Another area like this is
Explorer's Cove where there are bacterial mat grounds that are being
studied so shouldn't be walked on. Hope that clears things up!</div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="1368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhBhvhgI7sgZIB5elCMKvNF7z61dv5-eilmiT7sNN-u3nEfXv_sjgpAdt1yytszc5_d-aQvy437BrAeSZpj-3EPDZCveMDtHnhAe1cRoPv2IjjMZquBpJlaaBOZm6SNIz_kFpxyRW5NqAhWm-w1YT3_K-FMP6CjAc0ByXUvnBe2GcnJUNIYdFfpALUgE6v1yQ=s0-d-e1-ft" width="968" /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>The Convoy Range: The Northern Extent</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
Our trip to the Convoy Range was rather
special. Instead of being dropped off and left on our own to explore, we
visited three smaller valleys (Towle, Greenville, and Barnacle) in one
day with a larger B212 helicopter and crew spending the day with us at
each stop. While we weren't expecting to find a large quantity of
mummies at every stop, we did manage to find mummies in places we
weren't expecting. The fact that mummies exist in these areas at all are
important for the interpretation of our results, since the Convoy Range
is much harder to access from the coast relative the Dry Valleys due to
a massive ice sheet in the way, 65 km from the coastline.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<img alt="Inline image 1" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.5&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad781025fd5ec&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 2" class="" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.2&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad7d73c9fe9ec&zw&atsh=1" width="420" />Left
- Our trusty pilot in 36 Julie navigating us through the Convoy Range.
Right - A view of Battleship Promontory in the Convoy Range looking east
with the East <span class="il">Antarctic</span> Ice Sheet in the background.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 5" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.1&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad816876bafcf&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 4" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.4&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad802e69c3f56&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></div>
<div>
Left - The East <span class="il">Antarctic</span> Ice Sheet spilling onto the Towle Glacier from the North. Right - Heading back to the helo after looking around Towle Valley</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 3" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.6&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad7f80d6bef3d&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 6" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.8&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad862e556d1dc&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> </div>
<div>
Left
- the Towle glacial margin and the southeastern side of Towle Valley.
Right - Spreading out in seal searching teams in Barnacle Valley.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img alt="Inline image 7" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143b7438b39ee9a7&attid=0.3&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ad87a3f5bc9af&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> </div>
<div>
Left- a view of the helo from up high in Barnacle Valley; despite searching, we found no seals here, and no barnacles either. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
That's it for this one! Time to go back to California! Questions are welcome as always!</div>
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4856420219954536835.post-13903871300331194122014-05-29T09:25:00.001-07:002014-05-29T09:25:37.720-07:00#7 - Upper Wright Valley<div>
Before I get started, I found a better labeled map that shows all
the sites we visited in both our field seasons to give you a better idea
of the places we visited. I'll be talking about our trip to a few of
the smaller open spots in the northern Convoy Range in my next email,
this email will focus on our trip up the Wright Valley where we were
dropped on a helicopter day trip in the areas just east of the
Labyrinth, around Lake Vanda and Prospect Mesa. Yesterday's email
focused on the area between Lake Vida and Victoria Upper glacier, though
the other two groups (as we were split into 3 groups of two) moved from
Bull Pass to Lake Vida and the lower part of Victoria Valley near the
Sand Dune Field. </div>
<div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
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<div>
I
was asked a few questions, though I'll just talk about one of them in
this email. Though it doesn't look like it, the Dry Valleys are actually
an ecologically active area, when I describe Marshall Valley I'll focus
on the living things in these desolate and tough conditions. I was
asked about precious minerals as well, and the answer is: there are
none. At least no gold. There some strange rocks though, such a Kenyite,
a mix of basalt and big anorthosite feldspar crystals that only form in
certain divergent tectonic plate boundaries, so two places: Kenya in
the Great Rift Valley, and Ross Island, but the Ross Ice sheet actively
transported many basalts and kenyites from Ross Island and Brown
Peninsula into some of the Dry Valleys, including Taylor, and the Royal
Society Valleys, including Salmo, Garwood, Marshall and Miers Valleys.</div>
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<b>Upper Wright Valley: </b><b>Human Expeditions, </b><b>Katabatic Winds, and Seal Traps</b></div>
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I
was asked if there was much human history and impacts that can be seen
in the Valleys. Turns out, if you pay attention, you can usually find
signs of just about every time someone has ventured into the valleys.
Last year we found seal mummies with their heads clearly chopped off
with knives by Scott's crew (1910-1912) near Mummy Pond in Taylor
Valley, a known site of the first expedition into the valleys. The
valleys were essentially un-visited for another 30 years due to lack of
funding and the world wars. Later on, as the US Navy and the NSF was
scoping a spot for McMurdo Station in the late 1950s, the valleys were
revisited and several sites were considered, including Marble Point
along the coast (See map, I'll be talking about Marble Point in more
detail in a later email). Though McMurdo was eventually placed on Ross
Island, relics of old expeditions can be seen. As the Navy was exploring
the valleys, they laid down survival caches and "dunny" (New Zealand
speak for the bathroom) spots in various places. As we're looking for
bones, we'll sometimes find toilet paper that is the roughly the same
color from the 1950s until 1978 when the <span class="il">Antarctic</span> Conservation Act designated the Dry Valleys as an <span class="il">Antarctic</span> Specially Managed Area (ASPA). <b><br />
</b></div>
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<b><img alt="Inline image 1" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143ac6f7a1d84bbf&attid=0.6&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143abe8264e6c64f&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 3" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143ac6f7a1d84bbf&attid=0.1&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143abf46b1c1743e&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></b></div>
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Left - A view of the Middle of Wright Valley. The Onyx River, the largest river in <span class="il">Antarctica</span>,
flows away from Lake Brownworth to Lake Vanda due to tectonic uplift
creating a skewed topographical gradient resulting in a reversed flow
direction; inland instead of to the ocean. Right - Tracks from a New
Zealand tractor driven to Lake Vanda Station along the Onyx from the
late 1950s. For a short period Lake Vanda station was staffed year round
by New Zealand. Today Vanda Station remains staffed during the summer.
Notice that the tracks look brand new despite being over 50 years old. </div>
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Getting back to our research mission, we found that
seals are generally distributed fairly evenly throughout the Valleys,
except for several specific types of areas: bottlenecks, generally edges
of glaciers that they have trouble climbing up and over or cliffs and
closed off areas, such as the area directly beneath the Labyrinth. </div>
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<b><img alt="Inline image 4" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143ac6f7a1d84bbf&attid=0.5&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ac215e135ff64&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 5" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143ac6f7a1d84bbf&attid=0.3&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ac22a275f82d7&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></b></div>
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Left-
Cliffs where Wright Valley thins out just below the Labyrinth. We found
over 10 seal carcasses and scattered bones in this area. Right -
Looking down toward the middle of Wright Valley. Many of the boulders in
here would appear to be tough for seals to maneuver, yet they trudged
not only through here but a few have sighted up and over the edge into
the Labyrinth. </div>
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<b><img alt="Inline image 6" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143ac6f7a1d84bbf&attid=0.4&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ac32bdea1a1c2&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /> <img alt="Inline image 7" height="315" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=dcae0b6a56&view=att&th=143ac6f7a1d84bbf&attid=0.2&disp=emb&realattid=ii_143ac3537b38872a&zw&atsh=1" width="420" /></b></div>
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Left
- traveling down valley from the cliffs, we found we needed to climb
over a Rock Glacier, often found only on Mars. Rock glaciers are a
roughly 50-50 mix of rock and ice that flow very slowly and are formed
when snow patches and glacial ice becomes buried under sediments. We
found several seal carcasses on the rock glacier, many of them fairly
early in stage of decomposition. Right - The "naptime while waiting for a
helicopter pickup" photo with Lake Vanda in the background and the
famous "bunny boots" in the foreground. However, katabatic winds were
blowing pretty strongly to the point where we weren't certain of a
pickup. Luckily the winds didn't prevent the helicopter from reaching us
at the end of the day.</div>
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Winds are a major component of the environment in
the Dry Valleys. Typically there are two sources of wind, cold constant
and moist winds from the coast that blow in from the Ross Sea at around
5-20 knots and warm, dry and strong katabatic winds that blow in from
the continent at anywhere from 5-30 knots, with gusts higher than 60 at
times. For reference, the "shovel test," in which the winds can keep a
shovel from falling over, occurs at around 40 knots. For those in
Southern California, you may recognize katabatic winds as the Santa
Anas. Katabatic winds are essentially gravity driven currents of strong
winds that blow from high areas to low and expand as they descend,
becoming drier and even stronger. During the winter katabatic winds here
will blow as strongly as 200 mph, which often send seal carcasses
flying and generally sandblast mummies. </div>
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We experienced a 3 day katabatic windstorm, which
started when we noticed the constant daily coastal wind stopped for
about 15 minutes, then the wind direction began to pick up in the
opposite direction. Unlike the coastal winds which would typically stop
during the the night, the katabatic winds blew throughout the night,
reaching a crescendo on the third day when the winds were reaching a
constant 20-30 knots. At that point we had to give up on seal sampling,
which was getting difficult anyway just because we had to put rocks on
our notebooks and sample bags to keep them from blowing away, and go
make sure our tents were tied down securely so they wouldn't blow over.
Luckily our yellow Scott tents can withstand extreme winds up to 250
mph. </div>
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In a storm on the ice sheet a few years ago, the
members of a research team needed to huddle in a single Scott tent since
the winds had torn apart and destroyed the other tents. When they left
the tent by the time the storm had dissipated, a snowmobile had been
blown away. According to Brenda, our 25 season veteran, she had been in a
katabatic wind storm where they could hardly breathe inside because the
tent was flapping so much. As a result, they couldn't light a match for
the stove since the wind was too strong even inside the tent and had to
resort to drinking juice packs for three days while huddled in their
sleeping bags. Luckily the wind was never that fierce for us. While
walking across the rock glacier photographed above, however, we were
experiencing coastal winds when out of nowhere a katabatic wind blast
nearly knocked us to the ground, and after that strong winds made us
worry about our helicopter not being able to get us. Curiously, our
other teammates farther down valley on the other side of Lake Vanda were
still experiencing coastal winds, which made for some confusion as the
helicopter pilots were feeling strong katabatic winds at altitude. </div>
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That's a lot more than I was expecting to talk about
winds. I'll try to get some pictures of wind blown seals to show you
all in the next email. Still to come: The Convoy Range with Carcass/Bone
weathering, Marshall Valley and wildlife in the inland valleys, Cape
Roberts and wildlife on the Ross Sea Coast, Glacial reaction to Climate
Change in Salmon Valley, Marble Point/Gneiss Point and the <span class="il">Antarctic</span>
Conservation Act, all of these with fun seal mummy action, and perhaps a
conclusion with the future of the project and some penguins back at
McMurdo Station.</div>
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As always feel free to ask questions and I'll try to cover them later on.</div>
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Jon Nyehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06599002307051714178noreply@blogger.com0